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From AI Overview:
The Gauls and the Celts are essentially the same people, representing a case of "all squares are rectangles, but not all rectangles are squares."
"Celts" is a broad umbrella term for a large group of ancient Indo-European tribes, while "Gauls" refers to a specific subset of those tribes who lived in Western Europe.
The difference between the two terms boils down to geography, language, and who was doing the naming:
1. Naming and Geography
The Celts: The term comes from the ancient Greek word Keltoi, which historians and travelers used to describe the nomadic, iron-wielding tribes living across much of Europe.
The Gauls: This is a Roman term. When the Roman Republic expanded, they encountered these Celtic tribes in modern-day France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Northern Italy. The Romans called them Galli (from which we get "Gauls") and referred to their territory as Gallia (Gaul).
2. They Didn't Call Themselves Either Name
Ironically, the people we study as Gauls or Celts generally did not use these terms for themselves. Instead, they identified by their specific, independent tribes (such as the Aedui, Arverni, or Sequani), rather than as a unified "Celtic" or "Gallic" nation.
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