. Ask yourself why 25% of all relative parallax measurements are negative?
I wondered about and investigated negative parallax. I've always been competent at math and logic and noticing details and noticing errors and contradictions, and I wanted to know precisely how there can be 'negative parallax'.
First, what is parallax exactly? It's only a simple effect you can see in a few seconds of your time --
You can test Parallax youself, right now, easily --
1) Stand and look out a window, and notice nearer objects (the window frame or something tall in your yard like a tree trunk) and also the more distant background of further away objects (such as houses much further away). See how the near object lines up in the background, aligned to some more distant things....
2) Now move yourself sideways several inches or a foot, and notice how the nearby objects appear to shift against the background of more distant objects.
That shift is the parallax shift.
Parallax can be used to caluculate distance to nearby stars with only
trigometry alone, and works because the Earth moves -- orbits the sun during 12 months. We are seeing the apparent shift of nearby stars vs the distant background of more distant stars due to the Earth itself orbiting the sun. As we on Earth, the observer, move in our orbit around the sun, we will be
roughly 186 million miles apart (the diameter of Earth's orbit) 6 months in time as the point from which we observe stars.
Because we observe from these different points, close stars appear to shift vs far away stars.
That's "parallax" -- it's only geometry, and trigonometry tells us
if we know one side and 2 angles in any triangle, the other sides are then fixed (fixed distances), and easy to calculate with trigonometry.
The measurements of the apparent location of the nearby star(s) vs the further away background stars gives us 2 angles, when you draw it out on paper, and with 1 side and 2 angles, the triangle distance is set.
To measure parallax distance, we need to also figure out the proper motion of the star itself since it and our own sun are also both moving at constant velocities. We can with several observations calculate what part of the shifting position is the consistent part due to parallax shift alone.
How does a significant "negative parallax" (bigger than the margin of error due to telescope sensitivity) arise?
It happens when the nearer star is actually one of a cluster of many stars.
Then it's not just one star that is near and shifting against many background stars, but instead the opposite -- the many stars in the field of view are mostly the nearby cluster, and only the brightest stars in the background are of comparable apparent brightness, so....
So, those one or only few distant background stars that are so bright are not the neaby stars, but the background. Therefore those one or few background stars are the ones that appear to shift, vs the nearby cluster of many stars, and of course they shift in the opposite direction we normally see in parallax shift, since they are the more distant stars.
To say it again, in this instance of a nearby cluster, most of the stars in the field of view are actually the close ones, so the only star(s) that shift are actually the distant background, thus the shift happens in the opposite direction than normal.
That's "negative parallax". (In some cases, 'negative parallax' can also happen is when the observed star is a close pair/double star (for instance if astronomers can't correctly account for their orbital movement)) --
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