Thoughts and questions about Martin Luther

Lik3 said:

Was Martin Luther really an anti-Semite? In other words, did he have any deep seated issues against Jewish people? I don't remember the source, but that is what I have heard/read. Is this true; what evidence is there? Is he guilty of misinterpreting scripture? Why did he end up historically responsible for the Protestant Reformation? Was it because of the Thesis or was it something else? If he wasn't or had anti-Semitic views of Jewish people, who did? What was the true story about Martin Luther and is the view that he is Semitic historically accurate? Let me explain. I didn't mean to convey that I am anti-Jewish. Not at all. What I am trying to explain is that despite his belief about the Catholic Church, could it have been the Catholic Church been the ones who create this belief about him being anti-Semitic? Just wondering.,

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I think he was against all false religion including Judaism. But not people in general.

Dave L said:

I think he was against all false religion including Judaism. But not people in general.

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All kinds of info here:

Martin Luther and antisemitism - Wikipedia

Lik3 said:

Was Martin Luther really an anti-Semite? In other words, did he have any deep seated issues against Jewish people? I don't remember the source, but that is what I have heard/read. Is this true; what evidence is there? Is he guilty of misinterpreting scripture? Why did he end up historically responsible for the Protestant Reformation? Was it because of the Thesis or was it something else? If he wasn't or had anti-Semitic views of Jewish people, who did? What was the true story about Martin Luther and is the view that he is Semitic historically accurate? Let me explain. I didn't mean to convey that I am anti-Jewish. Not at all. What I am trying to explain is that despite his belief about the Catholic Church, could it have been the Catholic Church been the ones who create this belief about him being anti-Semitic? Just wondering.,

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You be the Judge based on ML's statement (in writing) about Jews;
"Kill the dogs!"
"When a Jew passes gas, he thinks the angels should dance"
Hitler was influenced by ML's views on the Jews as was most of the German people.
ML's translation was accurate but his theology wasn't.
I dearly hope he repented before he died and stood before Jesus. (II Cor 5:10)

William Shirer, author of "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" described Luther (and Shirer was a Protestant) as a "ferocious anti-Semite". The Nazis often quoted and / or endorsed Luther when they want to justify the Holocaust.

The following link - "Jewish Virtual Library" should give the OP some clues as to whether Luther was anti-Semitic or not. He clearly was.

Martin Luther - "The Jews & Their Lies"

Bob Crowley said:

William Shirer, author of "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" described Luther (and Shirer was a Protestant) as a "ferocious anti-Semite". The Nazis often quoted and / or endorsed Luther when they want to justify the Holocaust.

The following link - "Jewish Virtual Library" should give the OP some clues as to whether Luther was anti-Semitic or not. He clearly was.

Martin Luther - "The Jews & Their Lies"

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According to scripture, Jews are a religion, not a race. You cannot be antisemitic unless you are confused about what scripture teaches.

Most historical accounts I've read describe younger Luther as being more tolerant of the Jews while older Luther, maybe as a result of being unable to convert them became far more hostile towards them.

Dave L said:

According to scripture, Jews are a religion, not a race. You cannot be antisemitic unless you are confused about what scripture teaches.

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That's a somewhat academic definition. Ask the Jews who were cremated in the Holocaust if Adolf Hitler gave a stuff about their religion, or those who perished in pogroms through the centuries, whether they were done to death because of religion, or more often than not, because they had money due to usury and their persecutors wanted it back, plus more.

The late R C Sproul once said that while Luther's later views on the Jews were terribly wrong, it was in part due to his not being able to get them to convert. Now, this is no excuse. If someone is antisemitic there is no excuse for it. But it is one reason why he became so antisemitic.

Anti-Semitism: Martin Luther - “The Jews & Their Lies”
Martin Luther - "The Jews & Their Lies" < click to view material

Martin Luther wrote "On The Jews And Their Lies", 1543

Really, 'Jew' is a terribly vague term. It can refer to a messianic Jew (i.e. A person who accepts Jesus as messiah but observes commands from the Torah and OT), an Orthodox Jew who accepts the Torah and OT but not Jesus as Messiah, a Conservative Jew, or. Reform Jew (who, in many cases is an atheist and a communist and his only tie to Judiasm is Semite genes).

Take for instance the term "Lutheran". I'm sure those who attend ELCA and LCMS/WELS would lay claim to the term despite agreeing on very little.

The conclusions one draws about a group are often informed by those members of a group he or she is exposed to.

When I use the term Jew I use it in reference to as the Bible uses it in scripture not as anyone cares to manipulate the term. Many call themselves Christians but how many really understand what that truly means? Do they understand for instance:
Matthew 7:21-23 New International Version (NIV)
21 “Not everyone who says to me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but only the one who does the will of my Father who is in heaven. 22 Many will say to me on that day, ‘Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name and in your name drive out demons and in your name perform many miracles?’ 23 Then I will tell them plainly, ‘I never knew you. Away from me, you evildoers!’

Religiosity, your station in any church, your degrees in religion, nor anything else other than what G_d has proclaimed in His word will save you. Many have murdered the innocent in the name of Christ and their Christian Religion yet that will be a witness against them, not save them.

Our Hands Are Stained with Blood Paperback –
by Michael L. Brown (Author), Don Wilkerson (Foreword)
Amazon source: https://www.amazon.com/Our-Hands-Ar...1-1&keywords=Our+Hands+Are+Stained+with+Blood

Amazon review: From the first "Christian" persecutions of the Jews in the fourth century to the unspeakable horrors of the Holocaust, from Israel-bashing in today's press to anti-Semitism in today's pulpits, this shocking and painful book tells the tragic story of the "Church" and the Jewish people. It is a story every Christian must hear.

No one can be the same toward the Jewish people...after reading Our Hands Are Stained With Blood. —From the Foreword by Pastor Don Wilkerson, Times Square Church

Words are tragically inadequate to express the pain, the horror, the unbelief, the shame I felt in reading this work. It is conceivable that this book will be the catalyst God uses to awaken followers of Christ to recognize their legacy from the Jews, and Jews to appreciate the identification followers of Christ feel with the Old Testament faith, as well as helping both Christians and Jews understand the meaning of love as Christ lived it. —Rev. Richard Halverson, Chaplain of the Senate

Though strongly disagreeing with the book theologically, I was deeply moved as I read it. I pray that Dr. Brown's message penetrate the souls of Christians everywhere. If his words are absorbed "like showers on young grass, like droplets on the grass," glory will indeed be given to God (Deuteronomy 32:2-3).—Rabbi William Berman, formerly instructor of Bible, Jewish Theological Seminary

I was pained, provoked and profited as I read this book. It left me with scars—and with tears. Every true believer needs to read this vital work!—Leonard Ravenhill, Author,Why Revival Tarries

Hello Dave!

In Genesis 17:7-8 God said to Abraham,

“I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you; and I will be their God.”


In Romans 2:28-29 Paul wrote,

A man is not a Jew if he is only one outwardly, nor is circumcision merely outward and physical. No, a man is a Jew if he is one inwardly; and circumcision is circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the written code. Such a man’s praise is not from men, but from God.

Yet Paul also wrote in Romans 11:

New International Version Par ▾
The Remnant of Israel

1I ask then: Did God reject his people? By no means! I am an Israelite myself, a descendant of Abraham, from the tribe of Benjamin. 2God did not reject his people, whom he foreknew. Don’t you know what Scripture says in the passage about Elijah—how he appealed to God against Israel: 3“Lord, they have killed your prophets and torn down your altars; I am the only one left, and they are trying to kill me” a ? 4And what was God’s answer to him? “I have reserved for myself seven thousand who have not bowed the knee to Baal.” b 5So too, at the present time there is a remnant chosen by grace. 6And if by grace, then it cannot be based on works; if it were, grace would no longer be grace.

7What then? What the people of Israel sought so earnestly they did not obtain. The elect among them did, but the others were hardened, 8as it is written:

“God gave them a spirit of stupor,

eyes that could not see

and ears that could not hear,

to this very day.” c

9And David says:

“May their table become a snare and a trap,

a stumbling block and a retribution for them.

10May their eyes be darkened so they cannot see,

and their backs be bent forever.” d

Ingrafted Branches

11Again I ask: Did they stumble so as to fall beyond recovery? Not at all! Rather, because of their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles to make Israel envious. 12But if their transgression means riches for the world, and their loss means riches for the Gentiles, how much greater riches will their full inclusion bring!

13I am talking to you Gentiles. Inasmuch as I am the apostle to the Gentiles, I take pride in my ministry 14in the hope that I may somehow arouse my own people to envy and save some of them. 15For if their rejection brought reconciliation to the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? 16If the part of the dough offered as firstfruits is holy, then the whole batch is holy; if the root is holy, so are the branches.

17If some of the branches have been broken off, and you, though a wild olive shoot, have been grafted in among the others and now share in the nourishing sap from the olive root, 18do not consider yourself to be superior to those other branches. If you do, consider this: You do not support the root, but the root supports you. 19You will say then, “Branches were broken off so that I could be grafted in.” 20Granted. But they were broken off because of unbelief, and you stand by faith. Do not be arrogant, but tremble. 21For if God did not spare the natural branches, he will not spare you either.

22Consider therefore the kindness and sternness of God: sternness to those who fell, but kindness to you, provided that you continue in his kindness. Otherwise, you also will be cut off. 23And if they do not persist in unbelief, they will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again. 24After all, if you were cut out of an olive tree that is wild by nature, and contrary to nature were grafted into a cultivated olive tree, how much more readily will these, the natural branches, be grafted into their own olive tree!

All Israel Will Be Saved

25I do not want you to be ignorant of this mystery, brothers and sisters, so that you may not be conceited: Israel has experienced a hardening in part until the full number of the Gentiles has come in, 26and in this way e all Israel will be saved. As it is written:

“The deliverer will come from Zion;

he will turn godlessness away from Jacob.

27And this is f my covenant with them

when I take away their sins.” g

28As far as the gospel is concerned, they are enemies for your sake; but as far as election is concerned, they are loved on account of the patriarchs, 29for God’s gifts and his call are irrevocable. 30Just as you who were at one time disobedient to God have now received mercy as a result of their disobedience, 31so they too have now become disobedient in order that they too may now h receive mercy as a result of God’s mercy to you. 32For God has bound everyone over to disobedience so that he may have mercy on them all.

Doxology

33Oh, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and i knowledge of God!

How unsearchable his judgments,

and his paths beyond tracing out!

34“Who has known the mind of the Lord?

Or who has been his counselor?” j

35“Who has ever given to God,

that God should repay them?” k

36For from him and through him and for him are all things.

To him be the glory forever! Amen.

Footnotes:
a 3 1 Kings 19:10,14
b 4 1 Kings 19:18
c 8 Deut. 29:4; Isaiah 29:10
d 10 Psalm 69:22,23
e 26 Or and so
f 27 Or will be
g 27 Isaiah 59:20,21; 27:9 (see Septuagint); Jer. 31:33,34
h 31 Some manuscripts do not have now.
i 33 Or riches and the wisdom and the
j 34 Isaiah 40:13
k 35 Job 41:11

The Gryphon said:

Hello Dave!

In Genesis 17:7-8 God said to Abraham,

“I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you; and I will be their God.”


In Romans 2:28-29 Paul wrote,

A man is not a Jew if he is only one outwardly, nor is circumcision merely outward and physical. No, a man is a Jew if he is one inwardly; and circumcision is circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the written code. Such a man’s praise is not from men, but from God.

Yet Paul also wrote in Romans 11:

New International Version Par ▾
The Remnant of Israel

1I ask then: Did God reject his people? By no means! I am an Israelite myself, a descendant of Abraham, from the tribe of Benjamin. 2God did not reject his people, whom he foreknew. Don’t you know what Scripture says in the passage about Elijah—how he appealed to God against Israel: 3“Lord, they have killed your prophets and torn down your altars; I am the only one left, and they are trying to kill me” a ? 4And what was God’s answer to him? “I have reserved for myself seven thousand who have not bowed the knee to Baal.” b 5So too, at the present time there is a remnant chosen by grace. 6And if by grace, then it cannot be based on works; if it were, grace would no longer be grace.

7What then? What the people of Israel sought so earnestly they did not obtain. The elect among them did, but the others were hardened, 8as it is written:

“God gave them a spirit of stupor,

eyes that could not see

and ears that could not hear,

to this very day.” c

9And David says:

“May their table become a snare and a trap,

a stumbling block and a retribution for them.

10May their eyes be darkened so they cannot see,

and their backs be bent forever.” d

Ingrafted Branches

11Again I ask: Did they stumble so as to fall beyond recovery? Not at all! Rather, because of their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles to make Israel envious. 12But if their transgression means riches for the world, and their loss means riches for the Gentiles, how much greater riches will their full inclusion bring!

13I am talking to you Gentiles. Inasmuch as I am the apostle to the Gentiles, I take pride in my ministry 14in the hope that I may somehow arouse my own people to envy and save some of them. 15For if their rejection brought reconciliation to the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? 16If the part of the dough offered as firstfruits is holy, then the whole batch is holy; if the root is holy, so are the branches.

17If some of the branches have been broken off, and you, though a wild olive shoot, have been grafted in among the others and now share in the nourishing sap from the olive root, 18do not consider yourself to be superior to those other branches. If you do, consider this: You do not support the root, but the root supports you. 19You will say then, “Branches were broken off so that I could be grafted in.” 20Granted. But they were broken off because of unbelief, and you stand by faith. Do not be arrogant, but tremble. 21For if God did not spare the natural branches, he will not spare you either.

22Consider therefore the kindness and sternness of God: sternness to those who fell, but kindness to you, provided that you continue in his kindness. Otherwise, you also will be cut off. 23And if they do not persist in unbelief, they will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again. 24After all, if you were cut out of an olive tree that is wild by nature, and contrary to nature were grafted into a cultivated olive tree, how much more readily will these, the natural branches, be grafted into their own olive tree!

All Israel Will Be Saved

25I do not want you to be ignorant of this mystery, brothers and sisters, so that you may not be conceited: Israel has experienced a hardening in part until the full number of the Gentiles has come in, 26and in this way e all Israel will be saved. As it is written:

“The deliverer will come from Zion;

he will turn godlessness away from Jacob.

27And this is f my covenant with them

when I take away their sins.” g

28As far as the gospel is concerned, they are enemies for your sake; but as far as election is concerned, they are loved on account of the patriarchs, 29for God’s gifts and his call are irrevocable. 30Just as you who were at one time disobedient to God have now received mercy as a result of their disobedience, 31so they too have now become disobedient in order that they too may now h receive mercy as a result of God’s mercy to you. 32For God has bound everyone over to disobedience so that he may have mercy on them all.

Doxology

33Oh, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and i knowledge of God!

How unsearchable his judgments,

and his paths beyond tracing out!

34“Who has known the mind of the Lord?

Or who has been his counselor?” j

35“Who has ever given to God,

that God should repay them?” k

36For from him and through him and for him are all things.

To him be the glory forever! Amen.

Footnotes:
a 3 1 Kings 19:10,14
b 4 1 Kings 19:18
c 8 Deut. 29:4; Isaiah 29:10
d 10 Psalm 69:22,23
e 26 Or and so
f 27 Or will be
g 27 Isaiah 59:20,21; 27:9 (see Septuagint); Jer. 31:33,34
h 31 Some manuscripts do not have now.
i 33 Or riches and the wisdom and the
j 34 Isaiah 40:13
k 35 Job 41:11

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“For all the promises of God in him [Jesus] are yea, and in him Amen, unto the glory of God by us.” (2 Corinthians 1:20) (KJV 1900)
Only by accepting Christ are any entitled to the promises.

Luther does appear to have been antisemitic, kind of hard to get around that one. I'm guessing his views reflect those of his contemporaries, I've always known that man had baggage. He was in many ways, a devout Catholic until the day he died, this doesn't set well with my more Calvinist thinking. I don't know if he ever questioned his antisemitic views but he did make a stand for the priesthood of all believers. While it wouldn't absolve him in the modern mind, it could be seen as progress at least.

Dave L said:

“For all the promises of God in him [Jesus] are yea, and in him Amen, unto the glory of God by us.” (2 Corinthians 1:20) (KJV 1900)
Only by accepting Christ are any entitled to the promises.

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Only through Jesus will any inherit the fulness of the Kingdom for only through Jesus does one come to the Father.

As you know Dave I have a heart for as many Jews as possible to receive salvation and to come into the fulness of all that has been promised them by G_d. They were given the LAW and we know it was impossible to live a perfect life according to the LAW. The LAW was given that both the Jews and all mankind could see they needed their sins covered by a blood sacrifice which was accomplished by the Lamb of G_d once and for all for He and He alone lived a sinless life. Yeshua's blood is the only thing that can cover our sins in the sight of G_d so that we may dwell in His sight. So many non-Jewish "Christians" throughout history and even today espouse hatred for Jews and yet this is not the teachings of Jesus. There were evil Jews just as portrayed when Moses brought out the children of Israel from their bondage in Egypt and G_d dealt with them. Yet G_d still honors His word. Upon His Second Coming the Jews will see whom they have pierced coming in great power and glory to not only receive His Church but to fight the enemies of Israel.

First-century Israelis longed for a redeemer who would destroy the Roman Empire. They turned against Jesus when his salvation provided spiritual deliverance from sin, instead of military deliverance from Rome. However, Jesus will destroy world empires and deliver Israel at his Second Coming. Christ returns to earth riding a white horse as enemy soldiers are overrunning Jerusalem. As Christ returns the battle shifts from a war against Israel to a war against God. And I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army. (Revelation 19:19)

From the valley of Armageddon the nations will attempt to destroy Jesus as he returns. And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse, and He who sat on it is called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and wages war. His eyes are a flame of fire, and on His head are many diadems; and He has a name written on Him which no one knows except Himself. He is clothed with a robe dipped in blood, and His name is called The Word of God. And the armies which are in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, were following Him on white horses. (Revelation 19:11-14)

Zechariah foretold that Israel will be on the brink of defeat when Jesus returns. For I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to battle, and the city will be captured, the houses plundered, the women ravished and half of the city exiled, but the rest of the people will not be cut off from the city. Then the Lord will go forth and fight against those nations, as when He fights on a day of battle. In that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which is in front of Jerusalem on the east; and the Mount of Olives will be split in its middle from east to west by a very large valley, so that half of the mountain will move toward the north and the other half toward the south. (Zechariah 14:2-4)

Jesus does not need to do anything more than speak and his enemies die. He spoke the world into existence, and his words have calmed the storm (John 1:1-3; Mark 4:39). Jesus has authority over everything that has been created (Matthew 28:18). From His mouth comes a sharp sword, so that with it He may strike down the nations (Revelation 19:15a). And the rest were killed with the sword which came from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse (Revelation 19:21a). Then that lawless one will be revealed whom the Lord will slay with the breath of His mouth (2 Thessalonians 2:8a).

A wedding celebration occurs when a man and woman become one flesh (Mark 10:8). The future holds a spectacular celebration of those who share an incorruptible, eternal flesh. This feast is called the wedding supper of the Lamb (Revelation 19:7-9). Jesus spoke of this feast at the last supper; it will be the consummate Passover celebration. When the hour had come, He reclined at the table, and the apostles with Him. And He said to them, “I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer; for I say to you, I shall never again eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.” (Luke 22:14-16)

We are not the root Dave they the Jews who believed first are the root and there has always been a faithful number of Jews that have believed throughout history to this very day. We were graphed into that root and yet there are those within the Christian faith that exalt themselves above the root of our faith in the arrogance and pride. I again refer all to Romans 11.

Romans 11: 11-24
English Standard Version

usalvation has come to the Gentiles, so as to make Israel jealous. 2 mean!

vI am an apostle to the Gentiles, I magnify my ministry wthus save some of them. xthe reconciliation of the world, what will their acceptance mean but life from the dead? yIf the dough offered as firstfruits is holy, so is the whole lump, and if the root is holy, so are the branches.

zsome of the branches were broken off, and you, aalthough a wild olive shoot, were grafted in among the others and now share in the nourishing root3 of the olive tree, bstand fast through faith. So cdo not become proud, but dfear. (see below) eprovided you continue in his kindness. Otherwise fyou too will be cut off. geven they, if they do not continue in their unbelief, will be grafted in, for God has the power to graft them in again. 24 For if you were cut from what is by nature a wild olive tree, and grafted, contrary to nature, into a cultivated olive tree, how much more will these, the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree.

Proverbs 1:7 King James Version (KJV)
7 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction.

Proverbs 9:10 King James Version (KJV)
10 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom: and the knowledge of the holy is understanding.

Dave L said:

I think he was against all false religion including Judaism. But not people in general.

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I'm sorry Dave but I disagree that Judaism is a false religion. It is based on the Law as G_d gave it to them. They as a whole failed to recognize their Messiah but the Church of Jesus was founded upon Jewish believers, the New Testament was written by Jewish believers and throughout history there has been that faithful root of Jewish believers that has been the root into which non-Jews (gentiles) were graphed into as the Apostle Paul described in Romans 11. The tail does not wag the dog and without the "ROOT" of our foundation we would not flourish. You should seriously reconsider your position. They are and shall be our brothers in Christ. We should reach out to them in Love just as Jesus did recognizing there are those that will revile and hate us but they are not our mission.

Dave L said:

According to scripture, Jews are a religion, not a race. You cannot be antisemitic unless you are confused about what scripture teaches.

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Judaism is their official religion. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (also called Israel) are the linage from which modern Jews descended and made upon the 12 tribes of the nation of Israel during Jesus' time. So your statement is not accurate. Many facts are located here: Jewish Virtual Library -https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/

2 Timothy 2:15 - King James Version (KJV)
“Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.”

The Gryphon said:

Judaism is their official religion. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (also called Israel) are the linage from which modern Jews descended and made upon the 12 tribes of the nation of Israel during Jesus' time. So your statement is not accurate. Many facts are located here: Jewish Virtual Library -https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/

2 Timothy 2:15 - King James Version (KJV)
“Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.”

Click to expand...

What do you think about blood relatives being cut off from Israel if not circumcised? And then Jesus abolishing circumcision on the cross. Which would mean all unbelieving Jews became gentiles by default?

The "Jewish Problem" was not something that Hitler and the Nazis invented out of thin air. They built it up, hyped it, and went way beyond what any decent human being should have allowed and yet they were allowed. You do have to ask where were all the "Christians" across Europe and especially Italy at the "Holy Sea"? Some Christians did resist however they were a minority and even the Vatican struct an agreement with Hitler and the Nazis (Understanding the Vatican During the Nazi Period, The Vatican Concordat With Hitler's Reich: The Concordat of 1933 was ambiguous in its day and remains so., 1933: The Vatican and Nazi Germany sign an agreement). Jewish Life in Europe before the Holocaust - Jewish Life in Europe Before the Holocaust. The roots of Hitler's Hate - The Roots of Hitler's Hate.

European Antisemitism from Its Origins to the Holocaust - European Antisemitism from Its Origins to the Holocaust — Media — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

A local rabbi’s message to the Wisconsin high school boys who gave the Nazi salute - A local rabbi's message to the Wisconsin high school boys who gave the Nazi salute - Jewish Telegraphic Agency

History of the Jews in Europe - History of the Jews in Europe - Wikipedia