In verse 1 we had those who came down from Judea (those “of the circumcision” Gal 2:12; Tit 1:10) and now we have believing (!) Pharisees!
Just because they are Pharisees does not make them bad. Paul was also a Pharisee and even admits to it later (Phil 3:5; Acts 26:5)!
They were believers who were learned in the Torah and had something to say in response: Gentiles who convert must live according to the law (after their conversion)!
Circumcision is mentioned here as a substitute for keeping the Torah.
So here are two different groups with two different demands!
And the apostles and elders came together for to consider of this matter. Acts 15:6
Let us therefore summarize the two issues to be negotiated
The first question:
“Must one be circumcised (keep the Law of Moses) in order to be saved?”
The second question:
“If Gentiles are converted. Should they still be circumcised/keep the Torah?”
Here we go with the answers.
But we believe that through the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ we shall be saved, even as they. Acts 15:11
After that, everyone is silent (verse 12) - probably by mutual agreement?
It seems that this point of discussion has been dealt with. Everyone agreed that salvation can only happen by faith through grace. This is followed by some reports from Paul and Barnabas (verse 12) and then we move on to the next point of contention.
What happens when a Gentile converts?
Should he keep the Torah?
Doesn't that overburden them?
Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to G-d: But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood. Acts 15:19-20
So what is this statement all about?
Why these four commandments in particular?
There were some commandments that, if transgressed, were to be “separated” from the people of Israel. This was usually done by killing (the Torah speaks of being “cut off” from the covenant). They were given for the following offenses
General disobedience, rebellion against God's commandments, rebellion (
Num 15:30-31)
Eating blood (
Lev 7:27)
Eating asphyxiated food: animals whose blood has not flowed out (
Lev 17:13-14)
Various types of fornication (
Ex 20:10-21)
Idol worship (
Lev 20:1-7)
Offenses against the tabernacle/temple (
Ex 30:33ff .7:20ff .17:9 .19:13)
Uncircumcision (
Gen 17:14)
Eating leavened bread during the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Ex 12)
Do not humble yourself on Yom Kippur (
Lev 23:29)
Do not celebrate the Passover (
Num 9:13)
Desecrate the Shabbat (
Ex 31:14)
It is interesting that the four commandments from the Council fit into these categories (the 2nd to 5th). So they wanted to make sure that new converts were not excluded from the community again immediately after the law.
The last four are just as interesting, as we will see in a moment.
The next verse!
For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day. Acts 15:21
What is being said here?
The Gentiles who convert should start with these 4 commandments!
And what about the rest of the Torah?
The rest of the commandments have always been taught in the synagogues. Every Sabbath anew. There the new converts will then hear the rest and can slowly grow into the rest.
Ingenious, isn't it?
So simple...
So how can we understand James?
Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to G-d: But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood. Acts 15:19-20
Should grafted-in people live by the Torah?
Yes!
But in order not to overwhelm them, they should start with these four commandments (so that they would not have to be excluded again) and learn the rest week by week.
Yes, the Gentiles should of course learn to live in the ways of G-d (after all, it would be bad if they were denied the blessing)! Everyone who was grafted into Israel adapted and lived according to the Torah.
This is an extremely important statement for us too, isn't it?
Speak thou also unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it is a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that ye may know that I am the Lord that doth sanctify you. Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore; for it is holy unto you: every one that defileth it shall surely be put to death: for whosoever doeth any work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people. Acts 31:13-14
It would therefore be a further criterion for exclusion if they did not keep the Sabbath.
In verse 19 we read that no burden should be laid on the Gentiles/no trouble should be caused. How can we understand this?
Telling fresh converts that they have to keep over 600 instructions (mitzvot) overnight definitely brings restlessness and would be a burden, right?
That has been abolished with this regulation.
What about us?
Isn't this regulation that was made back then highly topical for us?
If we realize that the Torah is also meaningful for us, isn't it a huge help if we are given a timetable like this one?
Are we not given six wonderful steps for the beginning of our spiritual life?
The 4 commandments, resting on the Sabbath and the Statutes (“holy feasts”)?
When we begin to keep the Sabbath and gather for Torah study (if possible), don't we automatically grow into the rest of the teachings?
What we get light on, we put into practice with His help and in His power. He writes His teachings on the tablets of our hearts through His Spirit (Ez 36:26-27).
This is circumcision of the heart. A circumcised heart keeps the Torah.
What happens after the Apostles' Council?
Paul and the other brothers and sisters continued to follow the instructions in Devarim:
And all the people shall hear [the decisions of the elders]
, and fear, and do no more presumptuously. Deu 17:13
Then pleased it the apostles and elders with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas; namely, Judas surnamed Barsabas and Silas, chief men among the brethren: And they wrote letters by them after this manner; The apostles and elders and brethren send greeting unto the brethren which are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia. Acts 15:22-23
It was therefore important that the other communities heard the resolutions. The decision of the council was - also according to the Torah - valid for all believers.
And what does that mean?
At the Apostles' Council the Torah was not abrogated - no, it was confirmed!
And that is a gift! We are allowed to apply these wonderful instructions in our lives. Because they bring life and blessing.
And in a very practical way. Eating blood, for example, is not only unhealthy, but our Father is even pleased when we abstain from it for his sake. He wants the best for us and we can show that we love Him in everyday life in a very practical way.