Some verses to keep in mind:
Col. 2:16 Therefore do not let anyone judge you by what you eat or drink, or with regard to a religious festival, a New Moon celebration or a Sabbath day. 17 These are a shadow of the things that were to come; the reality, however, is found in Christ.
That verse leaves room for two scenaros:
1.) The Colossians were not keeping God's feasts, they were being judged by Jews for not keeping them, and Paul was encouraging them not to let anyone judge them for not keeping them.
2.) The Colossians were keeping God's feasts, they were being judged by pagans for keeping them, and Paul was encouraging them not to let anyone judge them for keeping them.
In Colossians 2:16-23, Paul described the people who were judging the Colossians as promoting human precepts and teachings, self-made religion, asceticism, and severity to the body, which means that the second scenario is the case. Those who were promoting asceticism and severity to the body would not have been judging people for refraining from celebrating feasts. So it is ironic when people try to cite a verse where Paul was encouraging people not to let anyone prevent them from obeying God in order to try to justify their refusal to obey God.
Ro. 14: 5 One person considers one day more sacred than another; another considers every day alike. Each of them should be fully convinced in their own mind. 6 Whoever regards one day as special does so to the Lord. Whoever eats meat does so to the Lord, for they give thanks to God; and whoever abstains does so to the Lord and gives thanks to God.
Do you have a problem with me considering every day alike?
In Roman 14:1, the topic of the chapter is in regard to how to handle disputable matters of opinion in which God has given no command, not in regard to whether followers of God should follow God, so nothing in the chapter should be interpreted as speaking against following God. For example, in Romans 14:2-3, they were judging and resenting each other over whether or not someone chose to eat only vegetables even though God gave no command to do that. In Romans 14:4-6, Paul was not suggesting that we are free to break the Sabbath, or commit adultery, theft, murder, idolatry, rape, favoritism, kidnapping, or disobey any of God's other commands just as long as we are convinced in our own minds that it is ok to rebel against God, but rather that was only said in regard to things that are disputable matters of opinion in which God has given no command.
In Romans 14:5-6, it speaks about those who eat unto the Lord or who refrain from eating, so it is speaking about those who esteem certain days for fasting as a disputable matter of opinion. It had become a common practice in the first century to fast twice a week and people were judging and resenting each over whether or not someone chose to do that even though God gave no command to do that (Luke 18:12). The reason why we are to keep the Sabbath holy is not because man esteemed it as a matter of opinion, but because God blessed it, sanctified it, God sanctifies us, and because God commanded His people to keep it holy. Moreover, the 7th day is holy to God regardless of whether or not anyone keeps it holy and what is holy to God should not be profaned by man, so we would still be obligated to keep the 7th day holy even if God had never commanded anyone to do that.
Jesus said:
Matt. 12: 5 Or haven’t you read in the Law that the priests on Sabbath duty in the temple
desecrate the Sabbath and yet are innocent?
While God commanded priests to rest on the Sabbath, He also commanded priests to make offerings on the Sabbath (Numbers 28:9-10), however, it was not the case that priests were forced to sin by disobeying one of the two commands no matter what they chose to do but that the lesser command was never intended to be understood as preventing the greater command from being obeyed. This is why Jesus said in Matthew 12:5-7 that priests who did their duties on the Sabbath were held innocent, why David and his men were held innocent, and why Jesus defended his disciples as being innocent. Likewise, this is why it is lawful to get an ox or a child out of a put on the Sabbath, why it is lawful to circumcise a baby on the 8th day if it happens on the Sabbath, and so forth.
Sabbath Worship
I fully believe we should all keep all Sabbaths, but can never get answers from those that believe in Saturday worship only the answers to my questions:
1. Is a Sabbath a Saturday or is Saturday a Sabbath with other days also Sabbaths like: Passover and the day of Atonement and every day in the year of Jubilee?
Those are also Sabbaths, like a fractal pattern that is the same at different scales.
2. Are Christians today to be like the regular Jews of the Old Testament or are we to be like the priestly tribe of the Old Testament?
Christ spent his ministry teaching his followers to obey the Torah by word and by example, so while Gentiles do not need to become Jews in order become a follower of Christ, Gentiles can't follow Christ by refusing to follow him. Those who are not Levites should not act as Levities.
3. Are Christians today to be that nation of priests (
Ex. 19:6,
1 Peter 2:9) and not just a Jewish like nation?
Jesus aa there was a High Priest among the Levites, the Levities were priests among a nation of priests, like a fractal pattern. Priests had the role of putting God on display, of helping people navigate their atonement, of interceding on behalf of others, and of distributing resources to those who are in need, so while Levities did this in an official capacity, there is also an extent that this is something that we should al be doing as a nation.
4. Did the Priests offer up even more sacrifices and were they doing more worshipping activities (some might describe as work) on the Sabbaths? If so were the Priests keeping the Sabbath Rest?
Indeed.
5. Is worship to God ever “work” by God’s definition?
Indeed.
6. We know van worship is offering up to God obedience to man’s commands, so could righteous worship be the offering up to God, obedience to God’s commands?
God's commands are His instructions for how to worship him by testifying about His character. For example, by doing good works in obedience to God's commands we are testifying about God's goodness, which is why our good works bring glory to Him (Matthew 5:16).
7. If Christians are Priests, the temple of God, carrying the altar with them (cross), and constantly offering up themselves as a living sacrifice then: when are Christians not worshipping and should they ever stop?
We should always worship God by obeying His commands and part of the way to worship God is by obeying His command to keep the 7th day holy.
8. Did Christ expand the Old Testament commands to include our thoughts and lots more actions?
In Deuteronomy 4:2, it is a sin to add to or subtract from God's law, so he did not expand it, though he did teach how to correctly obey it as it was originally intended.
9. For the Priests what is the Sabbath Rest and so what is the Sabbath Rest to be for Christians?
The Sabbath rest is keeping the 7th day holy for priests and for Christians.
10. Some of the Jewish scholars prior to Christ seemed to have discussed (records are not perfect on this) that there was a coming “Age of Jubilee”, do you see that description fitting the Christian Dispensation we are part of now?
No. They were perhaps referring the the Messianic Era, which is the Millennial Reign, which is not currently happening.
I think the priests did follow the Sabbath Rest since “worship” is not work and the priests were to worship and not work all the time (the other Jews were to support them). By increasing the commands on Christians and providing a constant partner (the Spirit), Christian’s today can be in constant worship as long as what you are doing is in obedience to God’s commands and that obedience is offered up as worship, so we are in the Sabbath Rest. To suggest today we just do “Sabbath Rest” one day a week is also to suggest the other 6 days are ours?
Worship can be work. The commands have not been increased for Christians. A day that is holy is set apart and in order for a day to be set apart there needs to also be another day that it is set apart from, so to treat every day the same is to treat none of them as holy. If we did on every day what God wants us to do on the Sabbath, then we would do no work, but God also commanded us to work on the other six days.