My grandmother was born in 1910, the grandchild of people who had been enslaved. She became a farm wife at the age of 15 with only an eighth grade education.
She had six children and taught them all how to read and do simple arithmetic before they started school.
In the late 50s, she taught me to read and do simple arithmetic before I started school.
I am at a wonder how schools can have custody of children for six hours a day, nine months a year, for 12 years...and don't manage to do with my grandmother using her eighth-grade education could do in a couple of months.
And to be sure, it only takes a couple of months for a native English-speaker to learn to read English. It's not that difficult.
So, why is there still illiteracy? It's not "systemic racism" because many black people learned to read even in slavery, even when it was illegal and they faced dire punishment. Racism was seriously systemic when my grandmother learned to read, and still seriously systemic when she taught her children and me to read.
It may be systemic incompetence in our education system. One writer, Frederick Pohl, asserted that the US has the kind of education system that a conquering nation forces upon its vassal states.