Did you write this or is it a cut and paste from somewhere? Historic Christian Church since the beginning? You are mistakenly mislead. The Apostolic Age which is covered in Scriptures spans 30-100 AD. Nowhere in the Holy Writ is the Sabbath of the Decalogue nullified.
It is sabbaths not the Sabbath in verse 16.
Please follow along. We will look at the context. Verse 10-13 is a good place to start. We are complete in Him, circumcised in the putting off the body of sins. Buried with Him dead in our sins and the uncircumcision of our flesh. Wherein also we are risen with Him, quickened together with Him through faith. Forgiving all tresspasses.
Col 2:10 And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power:
Col 2:11 In whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ:
Col 2:12 Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead.
Col 2:13 And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses;
Blotting out the handwriting of the (to the) decrees, having been quickened together with Him, all tresspasses forgiven there is no need for the Handwriting to the (of the) Decrees. Therefore let no man Judge you from the Handwritings of the (to the) Decrees. In which also the meat and drink offerings, holy days and sabbaths are recorded, handwritten.
Col 2:14 Blotting out the handwriting of the decrees that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross;
Col 2:15 And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them openly, triumphing over them in it.
Col 2:16 Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days:
Except The 4th commandment.
For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the Lord; I will put my laws into their mind, and write them in their hearts: and I will be to them a God, and they shall be to me a people:
Say not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above

Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.)
But what saith it? The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach.
That which was written on Stone is now to be in and of our hearts, faith through the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in fleshy tables of the heart. 4 And such trust have we through Christ to God-ward: 5 Not that we are sufficient of ourselves to think any thing as of ourselves; but our sufficiency is of God.
Heb 8:10; Rom 10:6-8; 2 Cor. 3:3,4
We are to worship God everyday and gather to worship and fellowship as much as possible in and through Christ. But the Sabbath as recorded in the Decalogue is a the Day of rest God choose for us in honor of creation. In this rest we are to keep our activities holy through and in Christ not necessarily gather for worship as a congregation.
Exod 20:8 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Exod 20:9 Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work:
Exod 20:10 But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates:
Exod 20:11 For (Because) in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.
Catholic Dogma. Jesus is recorded as proclaiming Himself as Lord of the Sabbath. So if we are to speculate which Day is the Lord's Day then it would be the Day in which He has proclaim to be Lord of. Not the Day that the Apostate Church which persecuted and killed Christian said is through the few papers which they preserved through their Apostasy.
If we have the Faith of CHrist, God's law, His Word, Christ in our hearts, minds and mouths it is no longer a matter of the letter, tables of stone, but of the heart, faith. For we who have been baptised in CHrist have put on Christ. Putting off the body of sins which are of the flesh: by whose stripes we were healed.