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Interestingly, I cannot locate any use of the word "anathema" in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Perhaps others here can provide references to it from the Catechism.
There are, however, at least four mentions of "excommunication" that I was able to locate. I think the first is probably most helpful.
1463 Certain particularly grave sins incur excommunication, the most severe ecclesiastical penalty, which impedes the reception of the sacraments and the exercise of certain ecclesiastical acts, and for which absolution consequently cannot be granted, according to canon law, except by the Pope, the bishop of the place or priests authorized by them. In danger of death any priest, even if deprived of faculties for hearing confessions, can absolve from every sin and excommunication.
The 1917 Code of Cannon law states that excommunication is also called anathema:
Can. par. 1. Excommunicatio est censura qua quis communione fidelium cum effectibus qui in canonibus, qui sequuntur, enumerantur, quique separari nequeunt.
par. 2. Dicitur quoque praesertim si cum sollemnitatibus infligatur quae in Pontificali Romano describuntur.
Translated into English:
Can. 2257. Par. 1. Excommunication is a censure by which one is excluded from the communion of the faithful with the effects which are enumerated in the following canons, and which cannot be separated.
match 2. It is also called anathema, especially if it is inflicted with the solemnities described in the Roman Pontifical.
CIC 1917: text - IntraText CT
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