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We almost certainly live in a static universe.

lesliedellow

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That's not actually the case. GR with a zero constant predicts either an expanding or a contracting universe. GR theory with a zero constant however also describes the movements of our solar system and our galaxy and galaxy cluster just perfectly, and it doesn't necessarily have to be expanding, nor contracting.

With a non zero cosmological constant, the universe would either have to be contracting and accelerating, or it would have to be expanding and decelerating.
 
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Michael

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With a non zero cosmological constant, the universe would either have to be contracting and accelerating, or it would have to be expanding and decelerating.

Well, maybe, depending on the size and the layout.

Let's start with a universe composed of a single supercluster. Does it also have to be expanding/decelerating or contracting/accelerating?
 
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lesliedellow

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Well, maybe, depending on the size and the layout.

Let's start with a universe composed of a single supercluster. Does it also have to be expanding/decelerating or contracting/accelerating?

The universe doesn't consist of a single super cluster. Even if it did, the motion of Andromeda towards the Milky way means that, at the very least, the local super cluster will not fit in with your fantasy.
 
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Michael

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The universe doesn't consist of a single super cluster. Even if it did, the motion of Andromeda towards the Milky way means that, at the very least, the local super cluster will not fit in with your fantasy.

We can have three or more superclusters all in orbit around a central point if your prefer. Will your "dark energy" cause them to expand, or could they in some instances and configurations be bound by gravity in spite of the existence of dark energy?
 
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Michael

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The universe doesn't consist of a single super cluster. Even if it did, the motion of Andromeda towards the Milky way means that, at the very least, the local super cluster will not fit in with your fantasy.

Um, ok, I give up. Why would two galaxies merging inside the supercluster automatically cause the whole supercluster to collapse?
 
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Michael

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In case my point isn't obvious yet, "dark energy" apparently has no tangible effect on the orbit of our planet around the sun, or the movement of objects in our own supercluter. A non-zero constant would therefore not automatically result in an expanding universe in every possible universe we could imagine.
 
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sjastro

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Why on Earth did he introduce an early 20th century version of dark energy in order to explain how a static universe didn’t collapse when accordingly to you it's all done by “rotation” and “momentum”.

I didn't suggest that it was *all* done by momentum alone, I just pointed out that the EM could be a *relatively small* influence all things considered.

Who are you trying to kid?
If you going to be dishonest at least have some subtlety behind it.
Before my previous post EM was not even been mentioned, all previous posts only referred to “rotation” and “momentum”.
You are engaging in pure deception by changing the goalposts.

Now that the stability of a static universe has been solved and you are a leading expert in the field,

Er, since when? You act like I'm the first and only person in history to suggest that we live inside of a static universe. That's obviously not the case.
Your lack of basic comprehension skills also includes the failure to recognize sarcasm.

(1) How is the linear relationship between measured redshift and distance preserved when all galaxies are now moving in space due to rotation and have a Doppler shift component (both longititudinal and SR transverse components) in the measurement?

The doppler shift component is likely to be quite small compared to the tired light component for starters. The overall density and "clouds of dust" components would probably have a greater overall influence in the redshift relationship than the relative motion of objects in very distant clusters. I'm also leery of the claim that there is always likely to be (going to be) a smooth distance/redshift relationship because that would preclude the the existence of cloudier areas and clearer areas of spacetime. I doubt that space is so highly accommodating to our oversimplification requirements related to math.

The simplest answer to the question is that there is no Doppler shift due to rotation because astronomers are highly dubious that galaxies are in definable orbits in the first place.
Your answer is nothing but word salad.

On cosmological scales it is blindingly obvious that galaxies are not in orbits.
If the galaxy is in an elliptical orbit the equation for orbital velocity v is:

v= √GM(2/r-1/a)

G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the galaxy r is the distance of the galaxy to the centre of gravity and “a” is the length of the major axis of the elliptical orbit.
On cosmological scales r is a very very big number and “a” is a very very big number which means 2/r ≈0 and 1/a ≈ 0
Hence the orbital velocity v of a galaxy is going to be zero at cosmological scales hence your “momentum” is going to be zero and isn’t going to prevent collapse.
For all intents and purposes galaxies are not in “orbits” at cosmological scales and there is no Doppler shift component due to rotation.

Things don’t get any better at more modest intergalactic scales as blueshifted galaxies are found in the Virgo cluster 65 million light years away which is due to Doppler shift.

Galaxies of the Virgo Cluster

The fact these galaxies are blueshifted rather than redshifted indicates Doppler shift is the dominant effect.
Astronomers are not even certain that when Doppler shift is measurable, whether this is due to cluster rotation or an interaction with neighbouring galaxies.

[1604.06256] Galaxy cluster's rotation

Conveying the idea galaxies orbiting in space is a statement of fact is a straight out lie given the evidence is far from conclusive.

(2) How does the n-body problem of massive objects such as galaxies in a cluster orbiting about a barycentre result in near concentric orbits like the planetary orbits in our solar system?

It doesn't. Gravity isn't the only force of nature that is acting on everything as you seem to imagine. There's also an *electrical* component.

Indeed it doesn’t but as you have stated on numerous occasions galaxies orbit in space like planets.
Let me remind you this “electrical “component is the result of you changing the goalposts.
Does this mean that planetary orbits also have an “electrical” component since you have been drawing comparisons between the two?
Funny how the science of Celestial Mechanics has many wide varied applications from predicting the positions of the planets, to navigating probes in space which work perfectly well without your “electrical” component.

Yet another bald face lie.

(3) Explain the mechanisms of the following 2-body systems given that mass transfer and mergers are not going to occur due to “rotation” and “momentum”.
The optical light curves of objects such X-ray binaries and type 1A supernovae.
Gravitational waves for BH-BH, NS-NS and NS-BH mergers.


This is just a strawman argument, and an irrelevant question from the standpoint of cosmology. There's always the potential for objects to slam into each other and to merge with one another in *any* cosmological configuration. None of this has anything at all do to with cosmology theory in the first place. Supernovae are an example of things "blowing apart" too under the correct circumstances.

You have got to be kidding.
For someone whose entire argument is to use the solar system as an analogy for a Static Universe, to claim the question is irrelevant because it has nothing to do with Cosmology is the height of hypocrisy.
The facts are the question is very relevant because it applies to local scales as well.
You are trying to squirm out of a response because you can’t admit of not knowing the answer.

Birkeland wasn't mystified by simple stuff like the heat source of the sun's corona, or the *physical cause* of the Earth's aurora. He physically replicated the process in his lab in fact. The moment one starts to apply that model to the universe on larger scales, the likelihood of EM charge repulsion and attraction becomes llikely. There's a natural explanation for Einstein's non-zero constant in EM fields. Nothing more is necessary to explain a static universe, and Einstein himself first proposed a static universe based on GR, not yours truly. Get real.

What an absolute load of rubbish.
You have this idiotic idea that reproducing a process in a laboratory trumps observation.
What is more important the satellite that measures magnetic variations in the Earth’s ionosphere as a Birkeland current or a planeterella demonstration in a laboratory?
Furthermore where are these Birkeland currents warming up the Sun’s corona?
To suggest that a planeterella demonstration leads to the conclusion that the Sun’s corona is being heated by Birkeland currents without any evidence of Birkeland currents in the first place is sheer stupidity.

Once again you are employing word salad by suggesting EM fields playing a role in shaping a cosmological model.
You obviously have zero comprehension that the range of the electromagnetic force is limited to several Debye lengths.
The Debye length for the intergalactic medium is around 10^5 metres, not much beyond this value the electromagnetic force drops to zero.
It is totally ludicrous to think that such a short range force has any effect at cosmological scales.

Finally let me state this.

It’s one thing for you to display a level of dishonesty, it is a far more serious matter when you post personal attacks on a forum from another website with complete impunity knowing that the individual concerned has no right of reply having been banned by the same moderators who turn a blind eye to you.

I raise this issue here for a couple of reasons.
First of all this individual posts in this forum as well, secondly is my own experience where you took a post of mine from a science blog site which you then edited before doing a critique on.
Very poor behaviour indeed.
I issue this challenge to you.
Since you display “courage” on the other forum why don’t you post the same stuff here and give individuals like myself the right of reply……. I’m sure the other gentleman would be very pleased to respond as well.
 
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FrumiousBandersnatch

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That's not actually the case. GR with a zero constant predicts either an expanding or a contracting universe. GR theory with a zero constant however also describes the movements of our solar system and our galaxy and galaxy cluster just perfectly, and it doesn't necessarily have to be expanding, nor contracting.
The point was that invoking Einstein's authority in support of a position he called his biggest blunder, is... eccentric, to put it politely.
 
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lesliedellow

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In case my point isn't obvious yet, "dark energy" apparently has no tangible effect on the orbit of our planet around the sun, or the movement of objects in our own supercluter. A non-zero constant would therefore not automatically result in an expanding universe in every possible universe we could imagine.

Unless you are going to have the entire universe orbiting an unbelievably massive centre, you have lost the argument. Take away that unbelievably massive centre, and Newton's First Law of Motion will immediately kick in.

End of story.
 
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Michael

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The point was that invoking Einstein's authority in support of a position he called his biggest blunder, is... eccentric, to put it politely.

LOL! In case you missed it, LCDM is a variation of "blunder theory" and it's proponents are constantly evoking Einstein as their "authority", and they're constantly trying to ride the scientific coattails of GR theory.

I'm simply pointing out to sjastro that contrary to his assertion, *I* was not the first individuals to have enough insight to introduce a non-zero constant into GR. Einstein did it himself, and the mainstream has been doing so for decades now.

All that constant ends up being is a way to introduce a force *other than* gravity into the equations. LCDM proponents are trying to stuff a supernatural form of energy into that non-zero constant, whereas I'm only proposing the introduction of EM fields into that non-zero constant.
 
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Michael

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Unless you are going to have the entire universe orbiting an unbelievably massive centre, you have lost the argument.

Well, I am suggesting that superclusters are orbiting around a center of mass inside of massive Birkeland currents, so I'm certainly not suggesting that superclusters are "islands unto themselves" as you're trying to assert, and as you're asserting with LCDM. They aren't the same cosmology concepts at the level of superclusters so you can't treat them as the same concept.

Take away that unbelievably massive centre, and Newton's First Law of Motion will immediately kick in.

All objects will stay in motion regardless of their size. You seem to accept that concept as it relates to the Earth and the moon, the Earth and the sun, the sun and the galactic center, the galactic center and the supercluster center. For whatever illogical reason however, you immediately do an about face the moment we get to supercluster movement, *only* because *your own* theory treats them as stationary little islands unto themselves. EU/PC theory doesn't treat them that way. Superclusters are simply embedded in larger Birkeland currents which move mass from one point to another. There are no little stationary islands unto themselves in EU/PC theory. The whole thing is a massive set of circuitry in motion in EU/PC theory.
 
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lesliedellow

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I'm simply pointing out to sjastro that contrary to his assertion, *I* was not the first individuals to have enough insight to introduce a non-zero constant into GR. Einstein did it himself, and the mainstream has been doing so for decades now.

Um, since it became apparent that the expansion of the universe was accelerating. Not quite two decades.
 
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lesliedellow

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Well, I am suggesting that superclusters are orbiting around a center of mass inside of massive Birkeland currents, so I'm certainly not suggesting that superclusters are "islands unto themselves" as you're trying to assert, and as you're asserting with LCDM. They aren't the same cosmology concepts at the level of superclusters so you can't treat them as the same concept.



All objects will stay in motion regardless of their size. You seem to accept that concept as it relates to the Earth and the moon, the Earth and the sun, the sun and the galactic center, the galactic center and the supercluster center. For whatever illogical reason however, you immediately do an about face the moment we get to supercluster movement, *only* because *your own* theory treats them as stationary little islands unto themselves.

Who said they were stationery? If the universe wasn't expanding, which of course it is, it would be contracting. Either way, super clusters would not be stationery, they would be obeying Newton's centuries old laws.

Birkeland currents, let us not forget, arise from positive and negative charge carriers in the solar wind being separated by the Earth's magnetic field. But now we can have them flowing wherever it takes EUers' fancy, and without any corresponding mechanism to account for them.
 
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Michael

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Who are you trying to kid?
If you going to be dishonest at least have some subtlety behind it.
Before my previous post EM was not even been mentioned, all previous posts only referred to “rotation” and “momentum”.
You are engaging in pure deception by changing the goalposts.

You have a really bad habit of walking into the middle of a conversation, without bothering to read it, and then making a bunch of assertions about my position that are simply not true. You also have a bad habit of attacking *people* rather than sticking to the topic. The only "deception" going on here is your assertion that I suggested that *only* motion was involved in keeping the universe "static", or that *no* external influences would be required. In fact I even pointed out that Birkeland's cathode sun theory probably would produce charge repulsion between stars.

FYI, what I was pointing out to Leslie is that it wouldn't take a *huge* amount of external force to keep objects in motion, or to produce a static universe because superclusters are also in motion in EU/PC theory. Period.

Your lack of basic comprehension skills also includes the failure to recognize sarcasm.

Yawn. More personal attacks. Do you even know what a legitimate scientific conversation looks like without all the personal insults? Static universe theory predates me, and it will be around long after I'm dead too.

The simplest answer to the question is that there is no Doppler shift due to rotation because astronomers are highly dubious that galaxies are in definable orbits in the first place.
Your answer is nothing but word salad.

Horsepucky. Even the mainstream *assumes* that galaxies are moving around inside of a supercluster arrangement of galaxies which orbit around a common center of mass for the supercluster. They may not treat *superclusters* as moving objects, but they certainly treat galaxies as moving objects.

NOVA Online | Runaway Universe | Galaxies, Clusters, and Superclusters

Galaxies within a cluster are generally considered to be bound together by their mutual gravitational pulls. They each orbit around their common center of mass.

Whatever the "net effect" of that Doppler shift might be at cosmological scales, it's *tiny* compared to the net effect of the 'space expansion" claims about redshift.

On cosmological scales it is blindingly obvious that galaxies are not in orbits.

It's blindingly obvious that *every* galaxy is in orbit around some center of mass somewhere. The Doppler shift associated with that movement simply isn't worried about at cosmological scales because it's insignificant compared to the tired light/space expansion/cosmological redshift factor.

I don't think you even understand *mainstream* theory properly! Oy Vey. To save us both some time, I'm just going to skip the redundant and irrelevant nonsense.

Things don’t get any better at more modest intergalactic scales as blueshifted galaxies are found in the Virgo cluster 65 million light years away which is due to Doppler shift.

So which is it? Do galaxies orbit a center of mass and have a Doppler shift component or not?!? You can't even make up your mind, and you're certainly contradicting yourself.

Conveying the idea galaxies orbiting in space is a statement of fact is a straight out lie given the evidence is far from conclusive.

There you go again, blatantly cheating in debate by playing the liar, liar, pants on fire game. Sheesh. The only straight out lie is your claim that galaxies are not in motion. Even the fact that we believe that our galaxy will eventually merge with Andromeda is evidence that galaxies move, and they have a Doppler shift component in their redshift/blueshift.

About (and not necessarily) the only things in LCDM that don't have an intrinsic Doppler shift/physical movement component associated with them are distant *superclusters*. Those tend to be treated as "GR islands" unto themselves, and any redshift associated with them is attributed to "space expansion" rather than movement of objects, but only because the cosmological redshift component is much more significant than any movements associated with such distant galaxies.

Either you don't understand mainstream theory properly, or you didn't explain it properly.

Let me remind you this “electrical “component is the result of you changing the goalposts.

No. Let me remind you that the electrical component is *intrinsic* to EU/PC theory, and your whining is a result of you stepping into the middle of an ongoing conversation I've had with Leslie over the *amount* of the electrical component, not *if* it's applicable in EU/PC theory! Sheesh.

Does this mean that planetary orbits also have an “electrical” component since you have been drawing comparisons between the two?

It might, particularly if a "theory of everything" can be shown to exist which ties gravity back to EM fields. It might still have an effect, albeit a *tiny* effect compared to gravity. For the sake of my conversation with Leslie however I *assumed* that only gravity and momentum were involved, and that *no* EM influences were necessary to explain events in planetary orbits, or even galaxy orbits inside their superclusters.

Funny how the science of Celestial Mechanics has many wide varied applications from predicting the positions of the planets, to navigating probes in space which work perfectly well without your “electrical” component.

Funny how I used that to my advantage in my conversation with Leslie too. :)

Yet another bald face lie.

What!?!?! Holy Cow. You really do cheat at debate every single time. You can't stick to the topic and you're always attacking my character. Knock it off.

You created your own strawman and then you called me a "liar" with it. That's just pitiful.

You have got to be kidding.
For someone whose entire argument is to use the solar system as an analogy for a Static Universe, to claim the question is irrelevant because it has nothing to do with Cosmology is the height of hypocrisy.
The facts are the question is very relevant because it applies to local scales as well.
You are trying to squirm out of a response because you can’t admit of not knowing the answer.

You apparently just are not paying attention to the prior conversations I've been having with Leslie. Unlike you, Leslie seems to be fine with galaxy movement and momentum holding superclusters together and the only debate we're really having is about supercluster movements. That's the only thing in debate between Leslie and myself, even if you personally have some problem with galaxy movements and momentum. I'm going to assume that even you actually accept that galaxies rotate around a center of mass that is associated with the supercluster, and you just oversimplified the explanation somewhere along the way.

What an absolute load of rubbish.
You have this idiotic.....

More loaded language aimed at the individual. How sad for you.

.....idea that reproducing a process in a laboratory trumps observation.

No, that's just a false statement about my beliefs, and you apparently should keep your day job because you stink at mind reading. The only place where processes in a lab trump *supernatural claims* as to *cause*, is when one cause/effect process in the lab can be demonstrated in the lab, whereas the supernatural claim is a dud in the lab.

I don't doubt the existence of cosmological redshift, I just assume it's related to tired light/inelastic scattering because there are numerous types of scattering that are *known and demonstrated* to have a tangible effect on photon momentum in the lab, and there are *hypothetical* ones being introduced on a regular basis, including the one which I cited in the OP of this very thread!

What is more important the satellite that measures magnetic variations in the Earth’s ionosphere as a Birkeland current or a planeterella demonstration in a laboratory?

In an ideal scenario, they both have equal value in terms of "science", but the working solar model also allowed Birkeland to make a *host of different* predictions which a simple measurement might not. For instance, with his "working lab model", in addition to his predictions about planetary aurora, Birkeland correctly predicted a *hot corona*, electrical discharges in the solar atmosphere, polar jets, cathode rays/electron beams coming from the sun, both types of charged particles coming from the sun in high speed solar wind, etc. A simple in situ measurement of the Earth's aurora wouldn't necessarily allow for someone to make all those other successful predictions about solar physics. From the standpoint of making *predictions*, the working model is *way better* than a simple in situ measurement.

Furthermore where are these Birkeland currents warming up the Sun’s corona?

Electrons streaming away from the surface are what heat up the overall corona. Individuals coronal loops might be described as "Birkeland currents/magnetic ropes", and the current inside those loops heats them up to *millions* of degrees.

To suggest that a planeterella demonstration leads to the conclusion that the Sun’s corona is being heated by Birkeland currents without any evidence of Birkeland currents in the first place is sheer stupidity.

The only thing that is "sheer stupidity" is your assertion that there is no evidence of field aligned currents in the solar atmosphere. Every single coronal loop contains *massive* amounts of current which heat up the loops to *millions* of degrees! How can you miss all that "evidence" that's staring you in face in every SDO high energy image of the sun?

FYI, Birkeland *predicted* and even *simulated* the existence of coronal loops in the solar atmosphere as a result of his experiments.

Once again you are employing word salad by suggesting EM fields playing a role in shaping a cosmological model.

Once again you are ignoring the definition of the term "Electric Universe" theory!

You obviously have zero comprehension that the range of the electromagnetic force is limited to several Debye lengths.

The Debye length argument is one of those BS EU/PC hater claims. What's the Debye length of a cathode ray from Birkeland's cathode sun experiment going to be when you scale it up to solar system proportions? That is simply the lamest argument in the solar system. :)

The Debye length for the intergalactic medium is around 10^5 metres, not much beyond this value the electromagnetic force drops to zero.

Is that a mainstream *estimated* number or something which they actually measured in space somewhere? Let me guess.......

It is totally ludicrous to think that such a short range force has any effect at cosmological scales.

It's totally ludicrous to ignore the massive Birkeland currents that wire the universe together too, but you do it anyway. Even the mainstream acknowledges (based on observation) that the universe is "threaded" and has massive "dark matter' threads where galaxies and superclusters seem to be concentrated. Those are simply Birkeland currents, and the currents running through them should not be ignored as the mainstream does.

Finally let me state this.

It’s one thing for you to display a level of dishonesty,

You're the one being "dishonest" in this thread by continuing to attack the *messenger* rather than the message itself. That's the "dishonest" behavior in this thread. Look yourself in the mirror if you wish to get rid of "dishonesty" in this conversation.

Right or wrong, all EU/PC ideas work in the lab, and I believe in them, even if their wrong. Being proven to be wrong doesn't even make me "dishonest", it would just make me wrong.

Stop interjecting personal attacks into a discussion about *science*. It's unethical behavior on your part.

it is a far more serious matter when you post personal attacks on a forum from another website with complete impunity knowing that the individual concerned has no right of reply having been banned by the same moderators who turn a blind eye to you.

The only individuals that I have ever gone out of my way to "personally attack" as you put it are two (potentially three) specific individuals who have a *proven track record* of making *willfully* false claims about EU/PC theory and or me personally. I've simply pointed out their direct lies too. Whatever goes on at Thunderbolts in terms of personal attacks *pales* in comparison to the BS that comes out of EU/PC hater's mouths at ISF on a daily basis.

If you'd like me to come back to ISF and tell him the same thing to his face, just petition for my reinstatement and I'll be happy to point out his false statement on ISF too.

I raise this issue here for a couple of reasons.
First of all this individual posts in this forum as well,

Then apparently he is able to take up his concerns here if he feels compelled to do so.

secondly is my own experience where you took a post of mine from a science blog site which you then edited before doing a critique on.

Which blog entry might that be? How did I "edit it"? I cut up everyone's posts into manageable units, typically based on a specific idea or paragraph content just to respond on a point by point basis. I'm not trying to be unethical in that case, I'm just trying to respond thoroughly to each argument that is being made.

Very poor behaviour indeed.

Without any specific example to work with, I have no way to know that in your case. You'll have to be more specific about what you think I "edited" and how that was "unethical' in some way.

I issue this challenge to you.
Since you display “courage” on the other forum why don’t you post the same stuff here and give individuals like myself the right of reply……. I’m sure the other gentleman would be very pleased to respond as well.

What does that conversation have to do with 'Christianity'?

I have a *much* better idea. I have more than enough courage to come back over to the lion's den at ISF where all the trash talking about EU/PC theory is taking place on a daily basis, and I will be very happy to repeat whatever I may have said at Thunderbots right to his face if you get me reinstated. Then we can take the gloves off for real and deal with the problem right where it starts. :) You can all engage in your personal attack nonsense too because the forum is skewed in your favor.

Whatever I may have stated about anyone at Thunderbolts has nothing whatsoever to do with the topic of "Christianity". I have also made personal agreements with the moderators at this forum which I must abide by, and which I have agreed to abide by, so I seriously doubt that this specific forum would be the proper forum for that particular conversation.

Go petition to get me reinstated at ISF and I promise to repeat anything that I may have said at Thunderbolts right to the individual's face and we can air all the dirty laundry in the offending forum. :)

I'd be willing to petition for the reinstatement of that same individual at Thunderbolts too, but I have no control over the choices of the moderators at Thunderbolts, and he will probably have to behave much better at Thunderbolts. You'd have a home field advantage at ISF.
 
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Michael

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Who said they were stationery?

Technically that would be the guy that invented "space expansion" as an alternative to "object movement" when describing cosmological redshift. It definitely wasn't Fritz Zwicky. :)

If the universe wasn't expanding, which of course it is, it would be contracting.

Only without *some* type of constant, and other types of *supercluster movement*, and only if the constant somehow overpowered gravitational attraction of the mass layout in question. You're *grossly* oversimplifying the issues involved.

Either way, super clusters would not be stationery, they would be obeying Newton's centuries old laws.

But you're not claiming that superclusters are moving away from each other, you're claiming that the "space" between them is expanding. Newton *never* described "space expansion".

Birkeland currents, let us not forget, arise from positive and negative charge carriers in the solar wind being separated by the Earth's magnetic field. But now we can have them flowing wherever it takes EUers' fancy, and without any corresponding mechanism to account for them.


That's simply not true. Not only does Birkeland's solar model explain the "mechanism" associated with solar wind and aurora, it would be *universally* applicable in spacetime. The current generated by a "transmutation of elements" (as Birkeland described it) inside of every sun in the universe is the mechanism that creates excess circuit energy to generate cosmic scale Birkeland currents. Alfven explained the whole thing in terms of circuits too. The mechanisms are all fully explained (and at least partially demonstrated) in EU/PC theory. Probably the only part that isn't fully demonstrated in the lab yet, is sustained, controlled fusion.

The mainstream suffers from that same exact lack of a demonstration however, so it's not a big deal.
 
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lesliedellow

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Only without *some* type of constant.

Ho hum. We don't want to call it the cosmological constant, do we?


But you're not claiming that superclusters are moving away from each other, you're claiming that the "space" between them is expanding. Newton *never* described "space expansion".

I am claiming that we do not live in the centre of the universe, but any being elsewhere in the universe would see exactly what we see - which is the galaxies moving away from them. That is what is ment by the expansion of space, and it does not negate Newton's laws in a universe which is flat, except for local curvature where a large mass is present.



So you have posted a video about what happens when the solar wind hits the Earth's magnetic field. So what? The solar wind isn't an electric current. That only arises when it hits the Earth's magnetic field, and the charge carriers are sent their seperate ways by the resultant Lorentz Force.
 
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Michael

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So you have posted a video about what happens when the solar wind hits the Earth's magnetic field. So what?

So what about his demonstrated *mechanism* explaining the kinetic energy found in solar wind and his correct prediction of *both* types of charged particles in solar wind? What about that "hot" corona around the sun, and the discharge patterns that show up which match satellite observations? How about the other experiments that Birkeland performed when he added an electromagnetic field inside the solar sphere and generated coronal loops, polar jets, all the other things which match with current SDO images of the sun? What about all those other "correct predictions" related to solar physics?

The solar wind isn't an electric current.

It absolutely is an electric current which the mainstream euphemistically refers to as "strall" electrons traveling at much higher speeds than the average solar wind particles.

That only arises when it hits the Earth's magnetic field, and the charge carriers are sent their seperate ways by the resultant Lorentz Force.

The current is occurring 100 percent of the time between the surface of the cathode sun, and the heliosphere. The Earth sits in it's path. You're correct that the Earth's magnetic field can separate the charged particles and direct the "existing current" into aurora. The current between the surface of the sun and the rest of the universe is the "mechanism" that makes all that possible in the first place.

FYI, Alfven's explanation of the circuits around the planets should be required reading IMO.
 
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lesliedellow

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So what about his demonstrated *mechanism* explaining the kinetic energy found in solar wind and his correct prediction of *both* types of charged particles in solar wind?

A plasma contains both positive charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons? Well you don't say.


It absolutely is an electric current which the mainstream euphemistically refers to as "strall" electrons traveling at much higher speeds than the average solar wind particles.

No it isn't. It is an ionised gas moving through space. An electric current involves a net transfer of charge from one location to another. You might be burnt alive by a plasma, but you won't get an electric shock from it.

Anyway you still haven't explained how you propose to prevent a universe, with a cosmological constant of zero, either decellerating (if it is expanding) or collapsing in on itself.
 
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Michael

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A plasma contains both positive charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons? Well you don't say.

Birkeland predicted the existence of that plasma, including the direction it's travel, and the existence of the high speed strahl. What do you say about that?

No it isn't. It is an ionised gas moving through space.

It's plasma traveling through space, with a high speed "strahl" which carries the overall current.

An electric current involves a net transfer of charge from one location to another. You might be burnt alive by a plasma, but you won't get an electric shock from it.

You will if you get struck by lightning! :)

Anyway you still haven't explained how you propose to prevent a universe, with a cosmological constant of zero, either decellerating (if it is expanding) or collapsing in on itself.

As an EU/PC proponent, I was never proposing a zero cosmological constant, I was simply pointing out that the constant didn't have to be particularly large with respect to gravity and mass momentum. Einstein's whole purpose of introducing a constant was to *generate* a static universe. I'm not opposed to non-zero EM fields being added to a GR formula because EM fields can be shown to have a direct physical effect on plasma.
 
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