The result:
History
The earliest mention of Babylon is in a dated tablet of the reign of
Sargon of Akkad (
24th century BC short chr.). Over the years, its power and population waned. From around the
20th century BC, it was occupied by
Amorites (nomadic
Semitic tribes), flooding southern
Mesopotamia from the west. The
First Babylonian Dynasty was established by Sumu-abum, but the city-state controlled little surrounding territory until it became the capital of
Hammurabi's empire. Hammurabi is known for codifying the laws of Babylonia, that were to have a profound influence on the region. (ca.
18th century BC). From that time onward, it continued to be the capital of Babylonia, although during the 440 years of domination by the
Kassites (1595–1185 BC), the city was renamed "
Karanduniash".
The city itself was built upon the
Euphrates, and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylon grew in extent and grandeur over time, but gradually became subject to the rule of
Assyria.
It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from c. 1770 to 1670 BC, and again between c. 612 and 320 BC. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000.
[1]
[edit] Assyrian period
Detail of the Ishtar Gate
During the reign of
Sennacherib of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, led by
Mushezib-Marduk, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon. In
689 BC, its walls, temples and palaces were razed to the ground, and the rubbish thrown into the
Arakhtu, the canal bordering the earlier Babylon on the south. This act shocked the religious conscience of Mesopotamia; the subsequent murder of Sennacherib was held to be in expiation of it, and his successor
Esarhaddon hastened to rebuild the old city, to receive there his crown, and make it his residence during part of the year. On his death, Babylonia was left to be governed by his elder son
Shamash-shum-ukin, who eventually headed a revolt in
652 BC against his brother in Nineveh,
Assurbanipal.
Once again, Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians and starved into surrender. Assurbanipal purified the city and celebrated a "service of reconciliation", but did not venture to "take the hands" of Bel. In the subsequent overthrow of the Assyrian Empire, the Babylonians saw another example of divine vengeance.
[edit] Neo-Babylonian Empire
Mural near the reconstructed Ishtar gate, depicting the palace quarter of Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon. The Ishtar gate is shown in the top left corner of the image
Under
Nabopolassar, Babylon threw off the Assyrian rule in
626 BC, and became the capital of the
Neo-Babylonian Empire.
With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of architectural activity ensued, and his son
Nebuchadnezzar II (
605 BC–
562 BC) made Babylon into one of the wonders of the ancient world. Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including rebuilding the
Etemenanki ziggurat and the construction of the
Ishtar Gate — the most spectacular of eight gates that ringed the perimeter of Babylon. The Ishtar Gate survives today in the
Pergamon Museum in
Berlin. Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the
seven wonders of the ancient world), said to have been built for his homesick wife
Amyitis. Whether the gardens did exist is a matter of dispute. Although excavations by German archaeologist
Robert Koldewey are thought to reveal its foundations, many historians disagree about the location, and some believe it may have been confused with gardens in
Nineveh.
[edit] Babylon under Persia
In
539 BC the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to
Cyrus the Great, king of
Persia. It is said that Cyrus walked through the gates of Babylon without encountering any resistance. He later issued a decree permitting the exiled
Jews to return to their own land, and allowed their temple to be rebuilt.
Under Cyrus and his heir
Darius I, Babylon became the capital city of the 9th Satrapy (Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north), as well a centre of learning and scientific advancement. In
Achaemenid Persia, the ancient Babylonian arts of
astronomy and
mathematics were revitalised and flourished, and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations. Overall, the city being the administrative capital of the
Persian Empire (the preeminent power of the then known world) and it played a vital part in the history of that region for over two centuries. Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era
[2][3].
The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of
Marduk, but by the reign of
Darius III, over-taxation and the strains of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon's main shrines and canals, and the disintegration of the surrounding region. Despite three attempts at rebellion in
522 BC,
521 BC, and
482 BC, the land and city of Babylon remained solidly under Persian rule for two centuries, until Alexander the Great's entrance in
331 BC.
[edit] Hellenistic Period
In
331 BC, Darius III was defeated by the forces of the
Macedonian ruler
Alexander the Great at the
Battle of Gaugamela, and in October, Babylon fell to the young conqueror. A native account of this invasion notes a ruling by Alexander not to enter the homes of its inhabitants.
Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a centre of learning and commerce. But following Alexander's mysterious death in
323 BC in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, his empire was divided amongst his generals, and decades of fighting soon began, with Babylon once again caught in the middle.
The constant turmoil virtually emptied the city of Babylon. A tablet dated
275 BC states that the inhabitants of Babylon were transported to
Seleucia, where a palace was built, as well as a temple given the ancient name of
E-Saggila. With this deportation, the history of Babylon comes practically to an end, though more than a century later, it was found that sacrifices were still performed in its old sanctuary. By
141 BC, when the
Parthian Empire took over the region, Babylon was in complete desolation and obscurity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon