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West and the Role of the Christian Church
Matthew Geijels
By way of introduction, I like to make a few remarks about this subject for it is so vast.
Islam in the West
Islam has four faces. Islam can be seen as the self-realization of the Arab Nation, as a great monotheistic religion, as a body politic, and as a civilization.
1 I will deal with all these faces, but especially with Islam as a great monotheistic religion and as a body politic. Moreover, Islam can be divided into three majority groups: the Sunnis, the Shiites (the latter comprising the
Zaydi,
Ismaili and the
Imamiyyah) and the Extremists: the Druzes, the
Nusayri and others. Since about 85% of all Muslims are Sunnis, most of the expansion in the West was undertaken by
Sunni Muslims.
Role of the Christian Church
In Christianity there are many churches. I mention the largest denominations: the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox (Eastern) Churches, the Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican and Presbyterian Churches. With regard to the Roman Catholic Church, I shall refer to the Pontifical Council for Inter-Religious Dialogue (formerly called the Secretariat for Non-Christians) and with regard to the other Churches I shall refer to the sub-Unit of Dialogue with People of Living Faiths and Ideologies of the World Council of Churches, which represents very many, if not all, of the churches of the Reformation.
Conquest
Between 643 and 683, the Arab Muslims conquered the whole of North Africa. The western part they called the Maghrib (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) and the eastern part Ifriqiyyah (Libya, Tripolitania, Egypt).
Islam in the West
When we say Islam in the West, we can think of Islam in southern Europe (Spain), Islam in western Europe (England), Islam in eastern Europe (Turkey, the Balkans, Russia) and Islam in central Europe (France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands). It is not possible to deal with all these topics. I have decided to take two topics: Islam in southern Europe and Islam in central Europe, with special reference to the Netherlands.
a. Islam in Southern Europe2
i. The Muslims in Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain)
At the turn of the seventh century, the Visigoth Kingdom in Europe (the present Spain) was in decay. Troupes of Berbers, led by Arab commanders, used to cross the strait between the
Maghrib and
al-Andalus to raid the country. In 711,
Musa Ibn Nusayr decided to try an attack. He did not go himself, but sent one of this lieutenants,
Tariq Ibn Ziyad. The question of
Tariqs existence is a matter of discussion. But even if he did not exist, somebody must have been sent.
Tariq landed at Gibraltar (the same is derived from
Jabl Tariq (mountain of
Tariq). The Visigoth King Rodrigo received a crushing defeat at the hands of the Muslims. Having captured Cordoba with difficulty, Tariq pushed on to the capital Toledo, which he easily conquered. Then he proceeded to Saragossa.
In 712, Musa entered
al-Andalus with an army and via Merida and Talavera met
Tariq at Saragossa. From there, both went westwards;
Tariq to Astarga and
Musa to Gijon. Thus, in lightning speed, the Moors (Arab-Berber Muslims) conquered practically the whole of
al-Andalus. From the North they crossed the Pyrenees to make raids into France. In 732, they got nearly as far as the river Loire, but were stopped and put to flight by Charles Martel at a place in between Poitiers and Tours. For the Moors, the march was only a raid: for the Christians the victory a great feat and the beginning of the Reconquista, the recapture of
al-Andalus. The presence of the Muslims in
al-Andalus was to last almost eight centuries, from 712 to 1492.
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