Hi CP,
Well, I think you're now moving away from this having anything to do with the death penalty. We are not to judge who has had enough time, if by that we believe that everyone, given enough time, will always take advantage of God's mercy. Your initial question was whether they would have the opportunity to take advantage of God's mercy. I think it quite obvious that if anyone dies without the mercy of God, then they didn't have enough time even if they die peacefully in their sleep at the age of 100. But God's law doesn't make provision for such a question. His law says that there are certain crimes for which a community can take the life of one of their own. He doesn't add to that law that, once they are found guilty of such a crime, we then need to exert all our efforts to tell them about Him.
I believe that if we administer the law of man in accordance with His law, then we are not committing sin. I honestly don't recall Jesus making any claim or statement to the Roman or Jewish authorities that they were committing any sin in putting to death the other two men on the day of his death. While we know that he did speak to the two men, he never made mention that they were being put to death unfairly.
Now, we don't follow God's law in many of our laws. We don't, for example, put fornicators to death even though God's law said that was allowable, even required, of His people Israel. But, just because man's law doesn't follow God's law in every point, doesn't make the places where we do follow God's law a sin. Further, we really don't, as a general rule, put murderers to death. There are thousands of murders committed in this nation every year. There were 20 people executed in 2016. Even before all this hue and cry being raised against capital punishment, murderers weren't likely to receive the death penalty unless you go back more than 100 years. The death penalty, for the last few decades, has generally only been given to people who commit some, as we see it, heinous act of murder.
God bless you,
In Christ, ted