I have some notes about your referenced thread, which was well presented and thoughtful. Also it was very clear, showed an overall tendency to avoid subjectivity, and steer clear of all the normal rhetoric associated with these types of discussions.
So I'm going to quote pieces of that document first. In case anyone wants to read the original, it is located
HERE
1)presumably this is very different from most creationist scenarios, in which the human and chimpanzee genomes were indidually created with whatever characteristics and genes the creator desired, while human variants are either the result of a short period of mutation or were created in Adam and Eve. (I say presumably because there are not many detailed creationist models of genetics.)
Your are right about "detailed" creationist explanations being on the scarce to nil side.
A.C.E. (A Creationists' Explanation)
The basic model is that a shorter period of mutation exists. Creationists believe that there were major environmental changes which occured after mankinds' expulsion from the garden. According to the Bible, not only would there be a huge environmental difference from Eden to non-Eden, but God's resultant curse upon the earth produced major changes also.The further cataclysmic event of the flood would also account for some major environmental changes which would seriously shake up a gradual continuum.
Basically the creationist explanation would be that all living things started in a place of genomic perfection(The garden of Eden) and became mutated through the process of time and cataclysmic events.
The scientific question then is this: Do genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees look like they are the result of lots of accumulated mutations?
Both the A.C.E. above and a period of millions of years would show results of accumulated mutation, the only question that remains is how to determine how much time actually has passed.
What predictions about the differences can one make, based on the hypothesis that they are all the result of mutation?
One prediction you would be able to make is that genetic mutations along certain strands of dna in chimps should appear in the same exact places of humans. That seems like a very observable experiment. I haven't yet heard any evidence supporting this seemingly obvious point.
For starters, we should be able to predict how different the genomes should be. The seven million years of evolution in each lineage represents about 350,000 generations in each (assuming 20 years per generation).]
Alright, this brings up a whole bevy of questions Ill just have to supress right now as being irrelevant to your paper but I nevertheless would be interested in starting another seperate line of inquiry at some other time.
By studying new cases of genetic diseases, individuals whose parents' do not have the disease, however, it is possible to identify and count new mutations, at least in a small number of genes.--Thats interesting
This is a clever method, very interesting.
sing this technique, it has been estimated[1] that the single-base substitution rate for humans is approximately 1.7 x 10^-8 substitutions/nucleotide/generation, that is, 17 changes per billion nucleotides. That translates into ~100 new mutations for every human birth. (17 x 3, for the 3 billion nucleotides in the genome, x 2 for the two genome copies we each carry).
I assume this is the Kondrashov work? Are you aware that he has indicated this number to be closer to 300 new mutations in personal conversations?(beside the point I suppose)
The evolutionary prediction, then, is that there should be roughly 36 million single-base differences between humans and chimpanzees. The actual number could be determined when both the chimpanzee and human genomes had been completely sequenced. When the two genomes were compared[2], thirty-five million substitutions were found, in remarkably good agreement with the evolutionary expectation. Fortuitously good agreement, in fact: the uncertainty on most of the numbers used in the estimate is large enough that it took luck to come that close.
OK. I admit that this shows a correlation, but only that these two species have had similar genetic pressures against them over the course of time, an as yet unproven amount of time.
This doesn't take into account any other creatures that might have the same type of mutational patterns found within their own genomes.
It also stands to reason that their could have been global pressures resulting in similar mutational patterns among creatures with similar genomes.
It also fails to associate a lineage of creatures which would have alleged predated the chimp. Take your same rate of mutation and follow it back 100 million years to whatever creature was directly in our alleged evolutionary line at the time, that same creature should have demonstratable, observable amounts of mutations which obey your given rate of mutation.
The simple point is that there should be a widespread connection between the numbers of mutations among not just many creatures, but all creatures, and a crocidile, which has survived so long, should have many more mutations.
I am digressing, but only because this data really seems to ask more questions than it answers, which is a trend I am finding all throughout evolutionary theory.
The prediction from common descent is that human-chimpanzee differences should show the same pattern. They do. In a human-chimpanzee comparison[3], transition differences were 2.4 times
as common as transversions, and substitutions at CpG sites were 17 times as common as at non-CpG sites; the agreement with the mutation rate estimates is quite good, considering the large uncertainties on the latter. In other words, we see the same pattern in new mutations occurring in humans today as in the genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees. This is to be expected if the same process, random mutation, is driving both phenomena; it doesn't seem to make a lot of sense in other models.
The prediction from common descent is that human-chimpanzee differences should show the same pattern. They do. In a human-chimpanzee comparison[3], transition differences were 2.4 times
as common as transversions, and substitutions at CpG sites were 17 times as common as at non-CpG sites; the agreement with the mutation rate estimates is quite good, considering the large uncertainties on the latter. In other words, we see the same pattern in new mutations occurring in humans today as in the genetic differences between humans and chimpanzees. This is to be expected if the same process, random mutation, is driving both phenomena; it doesn't seem to make a lot of sense in other models.
I dont see what this as strong evidence, I definitely see it as supporting evidence though...feel free to correct what you think may be some misunderstanding of mine, Im well aware that a lot of educated people spent and are spending their lives coming up with this data and its foundations, I am certainly not trying to discredit any of that work or any of those people, and I trust the data itself, Im just haveing trouble with the interpretation of that data.
So I hope you understand my point, I think the data is good, I appreciate the document you wrote, I appreciate the amount of work that went into the findings, ...however I interpret them differently.
OK. Ill go Back to my post...
Probably the existence of good genes that resulted from mutation gave him the idea.
Probably the word "good" should be replaced by "creative" because as far as I know, no gene has been found to unambiguously have created information.
Scientists have been looking for information creating mutations for decades, if one had been found it would be absolutely filling all the pages of literature.
Direct production of a novel gene more or less out of whole cloth is much rarer, though it may occur -- that seems to be how the one nylonase gene evolved in a bacterium that developed the ability to digest nylon.
The ability to escape harm from a particular source is a new functionality, and a very important one. In humans, obvious new traits that are the result of mutation followed by selection include malaria resistance, lactose tolerance in adults, and lightly pigmented skin at high latitudes.
There have certainly been mutations which were regarded as "good", so I probably should have used a better word there, but "good" in the sense that broken things can be sometimes. Like a broken car alarm can be "good" because it produces a "desirable" result(for some of us)--but yet they still represent a breakdown.
That mutations are common is indeed well known, although your number of 1000 per human birth is probably a good deal too high; 200 would be a better estimate, at least if you are interested in mutations that could contribute to the "deterioration of the genome"
I can accept the number 200. I have heard other data from a variety of sources, but I don't have a need or desire to be definite about something so vague. I'd rather be safe than sorry, but I am still learning all I can so until I have better references I'll just tentatively accept 200.
For the last point I want to reference an earlier point you had glossed over in your other thread, and thereby begin to make my case for genetic entropy.
The great majority, perhaps 95%, of these can be treated as being selectively neutral, neither helping nor hurting the organism; mostly, in fact, they do nothing at all. These are the mutations I am interested in. Since they do not have any effect on survival, these mutations accumulate steadily
Population geneticists know that mutations are strongly skewed towards neutral, I have a lot of points about this but since i am a new linux user(real new), Im still trying to figure out how to get graphics up on my website, because Id like to start out my own points with some pictures, specifically Kimura's gamma distribution curve for mutation distribution.
So Ill figure it out tonight and be back some time within the next 24 hours.