No; sexual reproduction combines existing alleles from each parent; it doesn't change them, it simply recombines them. Mutations can and do occur in association with sexual reproduction, but it is not itself a kind of mutation.
True.
Seriously? you're suggesting that chance events aren't causal? I thought you'd be in the camp that requires effects to have causes...
It seems to me that a stray ricochet from a drive-by or a tree falling on your head as you walk by can cause your demise, a lightning strike can cause your house to burn down, and a mutation can cause cystic fibrosis. I'd appreciate an explanation of how that isn't the case.
Claims that evolution has a 'time problem' are usually a result of not understanding how evolution itself works and/or not understanding the genetic control of development. But please describe or link to some scientific (i.e. testable) hypotheses involving directed evolution.
Self-organisation is a well-accepted aspect of physical, chemical, biological, ecological, and other processes; it is noteworthy for being a route to undirected emergent order (that's kind of what 'self-organisation' means).
It's a moot point whether species are invented or discovered, semantic quibbling. We discover a significant difference between populations so we invent labels or categories to identify and distinguish them. I've already explained why differing definitions are in use.
It won't make it any more arbitrary, and unfortunately, it's not as simple as deciding that some particular number of genetic differences between populations will determine when a new species has arrived.
I'm only aware of one scientific theory of evolution - originated by Darwin & Wallace, which developed into the modern synthesis, and more recently, evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), and the extended evolutionary synthesis.
This theory satisfies all the criteria you mentioned, is supported by ~150 years of multiple independent lines of evidence, is the best tested scientific theory around, is generally acknowledged to be foundational to modern biology, and has many practical applications in medicine and industry.
So, what other theories did you have in mind?
Also, you said you were a scientist; may I ask what field you work in?