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It's actually the benificial trait that prpovides the selective advantage. The term is rarely defined in clear terms, it's somejtimes a mutation but that kind of damaged DNA creating an alternate allele is a long shot at best.
Right now the question is what defines being genetically fit, mutation are nost often nuetral or deleterious. Where does that variant allele that provides a selective advantage come from?
That's not entirely true, species can go extinct but genotypes have a much greater longevity.
Incorrect on two counts. Fitness is a propensity, not a post facto observation, and both survival and reproduction are required. The fittest are those that have traits that make them the most likely to survive and reproduce. Quite often the fittest do not survive.
Maybe, maybe a duplicate gene, exon shuffling, or adjestmets in the gene expression. While the Eqyption were building their pyramids the first human migration was crossing the bearing land bridge. Most likely that was the time the first bears made the journey. Some adapted to the arctic, polar bears. The Grizzlies a little further south and black bears even further south. Their ancestor had some kind of gene governing fur color. It would be as unfortunate as it is unlikely that gene was mutating at random. As the various selective pressures mounted, changes in this gene adapted to new challenges.
