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Mutations are thought to be what drives evolution but the fact is they do not drive but derail the adaptation and deveolopment of living systems. We are offered anecdotal evidence and equivocation to support the presumption of universal descent. These kinds of generalities are hyperbole and while they are acceptable in metaphysics as generalities natural science demands demonstrations and directly observed evidence. There is not an ounce of substantive or empirical proof that natural selection can happen on a macro level and the example of the lineage of humans from apes is a prime example.
Germ cell mutations are the only why that the up regulation of the human brain is possible. What we could expect from the introduction of germ cell mutations is:
Neuroepithelial tumors , Non-neuroepithelial tumors , rhabdoid tumors , carcinomas of the breast and adrenal cortex , brain tumors, and acute leukemias , Neural Degeneration, sickle-cell disease , cystic fibrosis , Huntington's disease , fragile X syndrome , Burkitt's lymphoma , Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy , HUMAN BRAIN, BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCERS, rhabdomyosarcoma . In discussing the 68,000 indels discovered in a comparison of Chimpanzee chromosome 22 and Human chromosome 21 there is only one explanation for they're introduction to into the respective genomes, mutations. Never mind that there is no demonstrated mechanism for evolution on this level Darwinian's never question the universal descent model. Here is a list of diseases and disorders associated with Human Chromosome 21:
Coxsakie and adenovirs recptor, Amyloidosis, cerebroarterial, Dutch trype, Alzheimer disease, APP-related, Schizophrenia, chronic, Usher syndrome, autosomal recessive, Amytrophic lateral scerosis, Oligomycin sensitivity, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Long QT syndrome, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, Homocystinuria, Cataract, congential autosomal dominant, Deafness autosomal recessive, Myxovirus (influenza resistance, Luekemia, acute myeloid, Myeloproliferative syndrome, trasient, Leukema transient of Daown syndrome, Enterokinase defiency, Multiple carboxylase deficiency, T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis, Mycobacterial infection, atypical, Down syndrome (critical region), Autoimumne ployglandular disease, tye 1, Bethlem myopathy, Epilepsy, progressive myoclonic, Holoprosencephaly, alobar, Knocloch syndrome, Hemotiytic anemia, Breast cancer, Platelet disorder, with myeloid malignancy.
Human Chromosome 21
Where are the germcell mutations that result in adaptations or beneficial effects on the human brain and neural fucntions?
That is as far as the ancedotal evidence can take us and the neodarwinian wants to us to equivicate that with macroevolution. Hundreds, if not thousands of mutations in hundreds if not thousands of genes cannot be qualified by the fixation of genes being the result of industral melanism or the size of finches and the form of their beaks. That is all that natural selection has ever offerd as proof for universal descent and it proves absolutly nothing but we are supposed to accept that it explains everything, it's a myth. The arguments I encounter on here remind me of the crowds shouted 'Great is Diana of the Ephesians' in (Acts 19:20-41)
This is the source of natural selection and it was not from directly observed or demonstrated scientific data. It was the mythical poetry of Erasmus Darwin that fixed this vain fantasy of mythical morphology at the heart of evolutionary biology:
"By comparing the whole sequence with the human counterpart, chromosome 21, we found that 1.44% of the chromosome consists of single-base substitutions in addition to nearly 68,000 insertions or deletions. These differences are sufficient to generate changes in most of the proteins. 83% of the 231 coding sequences, including functionally important genes, show differences at the amino acid sequence level. Furthermore, we demonstrate different expansion of particular subfamilies of retrotransposons between the lineages, suggesting different impacts of retrotranspositions on human and chimpanzee evolution.
Estimates of nucleotide substitution rates of aligned sequences range from 1.23% by bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequencing to about 2% by molecular analysis, whereas the overall sequence difference was estimated to be approximately 5% by taking regions of insertions or deletions (indels) into account.
Chromosomal rearrangements including duplications, translocations and transpositions have also been identified."
DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22
What is the result of mutations on the form and function of living systems?
Among the icons (idols) of modern mysticism there is one that reigns supreme. It is the myth of evolution. We scoff at the gods of the ancient
pagans as if we were untouched by their superstition and yet we mystify our science with the likes of Darwin, the high priest of natural selection.
Notice that he equates natural selection with gravity. He intends to depersonify creation and dismiss the criticism that he makes (in my estimation) a pagan god. The Pantheon of modern science is the laws of nature that replaced the gods of the Greeks and Romans, who in turn replaced the pagan elementals. There is however no substantive difference.
Now all master mythmakers must excite the imagination and create fantastic images to illustrate there mysteries. Darwin does not disappoint in this regards and one may allow their imagination to roam free here, that is the whole reason for his elaborate analogy.
"The extinction of species has been involved in the most gratuitous mystery. Some authors have even supposed that, as the individual has a definite length of life, so have species a definite duration. No one can have marvelled more than I have done at the extinction of species. When I found in La Plata the tooth of a horse embedded with the remains of Mastodon, Megatherium, Toxodon and other extinct monsters" (Darwins Origin of Species, ch 11)
Monsters and mutations are reduced to a mythical morphology that has only superficial resemblence to living creatures. This is not an isolated instance of Darwin's or the evolutionary theory that Darwin's gradulism has become synonamous with. It is his whole thesis and it is an unrelenting attack of 'special creation' that continues to this day.
Creationism is the only alternative to natural selection and Darwinians know this:
"Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of living things. Organisms either appeared on the earth fully developed or they did not. If they did not, they must have developed from preexisting species by some process of modification. If they did appear in a fully developed state, they must indeed have been created by some omnipotent intelligence.(D.J. Futuyma, Science on Trial (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), p. 197)
This is my conclusion from a formal debate with a neodarwinian on Natural Selection and Genetics I thought that creationists might find it helpfull.
Grace and peace,
Mark
Germ cell mutations are the only why that the up regulation of the human brain is possible. What we could expect from the introduction of germ cell mutations is:
Neuroepithelial tumors , Non-neuroepithelial tumors , rhabdoid tumors , carcinomas of the breast and adrenal cortex , brain tumors, and acute leukemias , Neural Degeneration, sickle-cell disease , cystic fibrosis , Huntington's disease , fragile X syndrome , Burkitt's lymphoma , Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy , HUMAN BRAIN, BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCERS, rhabdomyosarcoma . In discussing the 68,000 indels discovered in a comparison of Chimpanzee chromosome 22 and Human chromosome 21 there is only one explanation for they're introduction to into the respective genomes, mutations. Never mind that there is no demonstrated mechanism for evolution on this level Darwinian's never question the universal descent model. Here is a list of diseases and disorders associated with Human Chromosome 21:
Coxsakie and adenovirs recptor, Amyloidosis, cerebroarterial, Dutch trype, Alzheimer disease, APP-related, Schizophrenia, chronic, Usher syndrome, autosomal recessive, Amytrophic lateral scerosis, Oligomycin sensitivity, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Long QT syndrome, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, Homocystinuria, Cataract, congential autosomal dominant, Deafness autosomal recessive, Myxovirus (influenza resistance, Luekemia, acute myeloid, Myeloproliferative syndrome, trasient, Leukema transient of Daown syndrome, Enterokinase defiency, Multiple carboxylase deficiency, T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis, Mycobacterial infection, atypical, Down syndrome (critical region), Autoimumne ployglandular disease, tye 1, Bethlem myopathy, Epilepsy, progressive myoclonic, Holoprosencephaly, alobar, Knocloch syndrome, Hemotiytic anemia, Breast cancer, Platelet disorder, with myeloid malignancy.
Human Chromosome 21
Where are the germcell mutations that result in adaptations or beneficial effects on the human brain and neural fucntions?
That is as far as the ancedotal evidence can take us and the neodarwinian wants to us to equivicate that with macroevolution. Hundreds, if not thousands of mutations in hundreds if not thousands of genes cannot be qualified by the fixation of genes being the result of industral melanism or the size of finches and the form of their beaks. That is all that natural selection has ever offerd as proof for universal descent and it proves absolutly nothing but we are supposed to accept that it explains everything, it's a myth. The arguments I encounter on here remind me of the crowds shouted 'Great is Diana of the Ephesians' in (Acts 19:20-41)
"About that time there arose no little stir concerning The Way. For a man named Demetrius, a silversmith, who made silver shrines of Artemis, brought no little business to the craftsmen. These he gathered together, with the workmen of like occupation, and said, "Men, you know that from this business we have our wealth. And you see and hear that not only at Ephesus but almost throughout all Asia this Paul has persuaded and turned away a considerable company of people, saying that gods made with hands are not gods [see Images and Idols]. And there is danger not only that this trade of ours may come into disrepute but also that the temple of the great goddess Artemis may count for nothing, and that she may even be deposed from her magnificence, she whom all Asia and the world worship.
When they heard this they were enraged, and cried out, "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!" So the city was filled with the confusion; and they rushed together into the theater, dragging with them Gaius and Aristarchus, Macedonians who were Paul's companions in travel. Paul wished to go in among the crowd, but the disciples would not let him; some of the Asiarchs also, who were friends of his, sent to him and begged him not to venture into the theater.
Now some cried one thing, some another; for the assembly was in confusion, and most of them did not know why they had come together. Some of the crowd prompted Alexander, whom the Jews had put forward. And Alexander motioned with his hand, wishing to make a defense to the people. But when they recognized that he was a Jew, for about two hours they all with one voice cried out, "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!"
When they heard this they were enraged, and cried out, "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!" So the city was filled with the confusion; and they rushed together into the theater, dragging with them Gaius and Aristarchus, Macedonians who were Paul's companions in travel. Paul wished to go in among the crowd, but the disciples would not let him; some of the Asiarchs also, who were friends of his, sent to him and begged him not to venture into the theater.
Now some cried one thing, some another; for the assembly was in confusion, and most of them did not know why they had come together. Some of the crowd prompted Alexander, whom the Jews had put forward. And Alexander motioned with his hand, wishing to make a defense to the people. But when they recognized that he was a Jew, for about two hours they all with one voice cried out, "Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!"
This is the source of natural selection and it was not from directly observed or demonstrated scientific data. It was the mythical poetry of Erasmus Darwin that fixed this vain fantasy of mythical morphology at the heart of evolutionary biology:
Organic life beneath the shoreless waves was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves;
First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; these, as successive generations bloom, new powers acquire and larger limbs assume;
whence countless groups of vegetation spring, and breathing realms of fin and feet and wing."
First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; these, as successive generations bloom, new powers acquire and larger limbs assume;
whence countless groups of vegetation spring, and breathing realms of fin and feet and wing."
"By comparing the whole sequence with the human counterpart, chromosome 21, we found that 1.44% of the chromosome consists of single-base substitutions in addition to nearly 68,000 insertions or deletions. These differences are sufficient to generate changes in most of the proteins. 83% of the 231 coding sequences, including functionally important genes, show differences at the amino acid sequence level. Furthermore, we demonstrate different expansion of particular subfamilies of retrotransposons between the lineages, suggesting different impacts of retrotranspositions on human and chimpanzee evolution.
Estimates of nucleotide substitution rates of aligned sequences range from 1.23% by bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequencing to about 2% by molecular analysis, whereas the overall sequence difference was estimated to be approximately 5% by taking regions of insertions or deletions (indels) into account.
Chromosomal rearrangements including duplications, translocations and transpositions have also been identified."
DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22
What is the result of mutations on the form and function of living systems?
"In the living cell, DNA undergoes frequent chemical change, especially when it is being replicated (in S phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle). Most of these changes are quickly repaired. Those that are not result in a mutation. Thus, mutation is a failure of DNA repair...
Nonsense mutation- The new nucleotide changes a codon that specified an amino acid to one of the STOP codons (TAA, TAG, or TGA). Therefore, translation of the messenger RNA transcribed from this mutant gene will stop prematurely. The earlier in the gene that this occurs, the more truncated the protein product and the more likely that it will be unable to function. EXAMPLE: Here is a sampling of the more than 1000 different mutations that have been found in patients with cystic fibrosis. Each of these mutations occurs in a huge gene that encodes a protein (of 1480 amino acids) called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)...People with cystic fibrosis inherit two mutant genes, but the mutations need not be the same.
In one patient with cystic fibrosis (Patient B), the substitution of a T for a C at nucleotide 1609 converted a glutamine codon (CAG) to a STOP codon (TAG). The protein produced by this patient had only the first 493 amino acids of the normal chain of 1480 and could not function.
Indels- Extra base pairs may be added (insertions) or removed (deletions) from the DNA of a gene. The number can range from one to thousands. Collectively, these mutations are called indels.
Indels involving one or two base pairs (or multiples thereof) can have devastating consequences to the gene because translation of the gene is "frameshifted". This figure shows how by shifting the reading frame one nucleotide to the right, the same sequence of nucleotides encodes a different sequence of amino acids. The mRNA is translated in new groups of three nucleotides and the protein specified by these new codons will be worthless. Scroll up to see two other examples (Patients C and D).
Frameshifts often create new STOP codons and thus generate nonsense mutations. Perhaps that is just as well as the protein would probably be too garbled anyway to be useful to the cell.
Indels of three nucleotides or multiples of three may be less serious because they preserve the reading frame.
However, a number of inherited human disorders are caused by the insertion of many copies of the same triplet of nucleotides. Huntington's disease and the fragile X syndrome are examples of such trinucleotide repeat diseases."
mutations
Nonsense mutation- The new nucleotide changes a codon that specified an amino acid to one of the STOP codons (TAA, TAG, or TGA). Therefore, translation of the messenger RNA transcribed from this mutant gene will stop prematurely. The earlier in the gene that this occurs, the more truncated the protein product and the more likely that it will be unable to function. EXAMPLE: Here is a sampling of the more than 1000 different mutations that have been found in patients with cystic fibrosis. Each of these mutations occurs in a huge gene that encodes a protein (of 1480 amino acids) called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)...People with cystic fibrosis inherit two mutant genes, but the mutations need not be the same.
In one patient with cystic fibrosis (Patient B), the substitution of a T for a C at nucleotide 1609 converted a glutamine codon (CAG) to a STOP codon (TAG). The protein produced by this patient had only the first 493 amino acids of the normal chain of 1480 and could not function.
Indels- Extra base pairs may be added (insertions) or removed (deletions) from the DNA of a gene. The number can range from one to thousands. Collectively, these mutations are called indels.
Indels involving one or two base pairs (or multiples thereof) can have devastating consequences to the gene because translation of the gene is "frameshifted". This figure shows how by shifting the reading frame one nucleotide to the right, the same sequence of nucleotides encodes a different sequence of amino acids. The mRNA is translated in new groups of three nucleotides and the protein specified by these new codons will be worthless. Scroll up to see two other examples (Patients C and D).
Frameshifts often create new STOP codons and thus generate nonsense mutations. Perhaps that is just as well as the protein would probably be too garbled anyway to be useful to the cell.
Indels of three nucleotides or multiples of three may be less serious because they preserve the reading frame.
However, a number of inherited human disorders are caused by the insertion of many copies of the same triplet of nucleotides. Huntington's disease and the fragile X syndrome are examples of such trinucleotide repeat diseases."
mutations
The Temple of Nature
Organic life beneath the shoreless waves
Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves;
First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass,
Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass;
These, as successive generations bloom,
New powers acquire and larger limbs assume;
Whence countless groups of vegetation spring,
And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.
" (Erasmus Darwin 1802)
Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves;
First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass,
Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass;
These, as successive generations bloom,
New powers acquire and larger limbs assume;
Whence countless groups of vegetation spring,
And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.
" (Erasmus Darwin 1802)
Among the icons (idols) of modern mysticism there is one that reigns supreme. It is the myth of evolution. We scoff at the gods of the ancient
pagans as if we were untouched by their superstition and yet we mystify our science with the likes of Darwin, the high priest of natural selection.
"It has been said that I speak of natural selection as an active power or Deity; but who objects to an author speaking of the attraction of gravity as ruling the movements of the planets? Every one knows what is meant and is implied by such metaphorical expressions; and they are almost necessary for brevity. So again it is difficult to avoid personifying the word Nature; but I mean by nature, only the aggregate action and product of many natural laws, and by laws the sequence of events as ascertained by us. With a little familiarity such superficial objections will be forgotten. " (Darwin, ch 4, Origin of Species)
Notice that he equates natural selection with gravity. He intends to depersonify creation and dismiss the criticism that he makes (in my estimation) a pagan god. The Pantheon of modern science is the laws of nature that replaced the gods of the Greeks and Romans, who in turn replaced the pagan elementals. There is however no substantive difference.
Now all master mythmakers must excite the imagination and create fantastic images to illustrate there mysteries. Darwin does not disappoint in this regards and one may allow their imagination to roam free here, that is the whole reason for his elaborate analogy.
"The extinction of species has been involved in the most gratuitous mystery. Some authors have even supposed that, as the individual has a definite length of life, so have species a definite duration. No one can have marvelled more than I have done at the extinction of species. When I found in La Plata the tooth of a horse embedded with the remains of Mastodon, Megatherium, Toxodon and other extinct monsters" (Darwins Origin of Species, ch 11)
Monsters and mutations are reduced to a mythical morphology that has only superficial resemblence to living creatures. This is not an isolated instance of Darwin's or the evolutionary theory that Darwin's gradulism has become synonamous with. It is his whole thesis and it is an unrelenting attack of 'special creation' that continues to this day.
Creationism is the only alternative to natural selection and Darwinians know this:
"Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust the possible explanations for the origin of living things. Organisms either appeared on the earth fully developed or they did not. If they did not, they must have developed from preexisting species by some process of modification. If they did appear in a fully developed state, they must indeed have been created by some omnipotent intelligence.(D.J. Futuyma, Science on Trial (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), p. 197)
This is my conclusion from a formal debate with a neodarwinian on Natural Selection and Genetics I thought that creationists might find it helpfull.
Grace and peace,
Mark
