Michael Behe and William Dembski argued for ID. Mostly based on the fine tuned universe and of course the traditional William Paley argument. Then of course Sir Fred Hoyle showed how impossible the math was for evolution theory. So ID right now is based more on irreducible complexity. There have been many discussions about this on here. Right now no one seems interested because it does not really go anywhere. If you take the eye for example. We know that many different species developed the eye independent of each other. Evolution theory would require a common ancestor with an eye and we do not see that.
I believe all eyes do share the same regulatory genes: the Pax gene family.
Flexibly deployed Pax genes in eye development at the early evolution of animals demonstrated by studies on a hydrozoan jellyfish
Flexibly deployed Pax genes in eye development at the early evolution of animals demonstrated by studies on a hydrozoan jellyfish
Hiroshi Suga a , 1 , Patrick Tschopp a , 2 , Daria F. Graziussi a , 3 , Michael Stierwald b , 4 , Volker Schmid b , 5 , and Walter J. Gehring a , 6
+ Author Affiliations
aDepartment of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, and
bInstitute of Zoology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
+ Author Notes
↵ 1Present address: Parc Cientifíc de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
↵ 2Present address: Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
↵ 3Present address: Institut für Entwiklungsbiologie, Universität zu Köln, 50923 Köln, Germany.
↵ 4Present address: Patent Department, Novartis Pharma AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
↵ 5Deceased April 1, 2008.
Contributed by Walter J. Gehring, June 14, 2010 (sent for review April 8, 2010)
Abstract
Pax transcription factors are involved in a variety of developmental processes in bilaterians, including eye development, a role typically assigned to Pax-6. Although no true Pax-6 gene has been found in nonbilateral animals, some jellyfish have eyes with complex structures. In the cubozoan jellyfish Tripedalia, Pax-B, an ortholog of vertebrate Pax-2/5/8, had been proposed as a regulator of eye development. Here we have isolated three Pax genes (Pax-A, Pax-B, and Pax-E) from Cladonema radiatum, a hydrozoan jellyfish with elaborate eyes. Cladonema Pax-A is strongly expressed in the retina, whereas Pax-B and Pax-E are highly expressed in the manubrium, the feeding and reproductive organ. Misexpression of Cladonema Pax-A induces ectopic eyes in Drosophila imaginal discs, whereas Pax-B and Pax-E do not. Furthermore, Cladonema Pax-A paired domain protein directly binds to the 5′ upstream region of eye-specific Cladonema opsin genes, whereas Pax-B does not. Our data suggest that Pax-A, but not Pax-B or Pax-E, is involved in eye development and/or maintenance in Cladonema. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Pax-6, Pax-B, and Pax-A belong to different Pax subfamilies, which diverged at the latest before the CnidariaBilateria separation. We argue that our data, showing the involvement of Pax genes in hydrozoan eye development as in bilaterians, supports the monophyletic evolutionary origin of all animal eyes. We then propose that during the early evolution of animals, distinct classes of Pax genes, which may have played redundant roles at that time, were flexibly deployed for eye development in different animal lineages.