Why assumptions are unavoidable in science, Part 2
In Part 1 I addressed questions by 2 people about whether assumptions really drive us to make decisions in science... or make mistakes. They do. Now, a little more insight into why.
Descartes (1596-1650), the Father of French Science, discovered the refractive index of water and created analytical geometry. He's been so influential with the French that when their science is critiqued nowadays, people often point back to Descartes as the cause. It bothered him that scientists of his day could not separate facts, assumptions and superstition. So he decided to do the same for Science that he had for analytical geometry: eliminate all assumptions and superstition, creating the perfect Science.
In trying to strip away all assumptions in life, he got stuck on how to prove his own existence. We’ve all experienced this: We find ourselves in a truly drastic situation, to realize later that it’s only been a dream. I was talking to my wife one day and referred to a very emotional incident in my memory. She said, "That never happened!" "But I have a very clear memory of it." "We talked about doing that, but never did." Either the discussions about doing it or a dream imprinted it in my memory. The same thing happens to accident victims. That's why the police try to get to witnesses early before they incorporate all the other eye-witness reports into their memory. Brain scientists tells us the brain can't differentiate between a retelling and an actual memory. I know that sounds crazy, but don't complain to me, complain to the brain scientists.
After a long time wrestling with this problem, Descartes came up with his rallying cry, “I think, therefore I am!” But philosophers since then have countered, “Just because you think doesn’t mean you exist. You may be dreaming you are thinking!”
So, if you would like to purge all assumptions from Science, you’d have to go back to Descartes’ problem, first prove that you really exist right now, and build up Science from there.
Now, let's get to an example: Around Dr. Edwin Hubble's time (I can't be exact on the time - this isn't my area of expertise - so please don't call me a liar if I get the time wrong) red-shifted light from the stars was connected to fast-moving stars. An assumption, but much of our universe dating is based upon that assumption. Dr. Halton Arp had the same assumption when he calculated the size of the universe. But he changed his mind because he found another explanation for red-shifted light.
On his website (I know he's dead, but I assume his website is still up) he shows paired stars where one has red-shifted light and the other star in the circling pair does not. Assumptions are tricky like that. Sometimes they fit the scientific model so perfectly we assume they are true or factual. Then along comes a scientist who thinks diversely. Diverse thinkers normally get fired, so think twice about doing it. I've been fired twice. From the same lab!
Scientists need to understand one thing: Something "overwhelmingly rejected by the scientific community" applies to almost every new scientific discovery. This is one of the reasons that Kuhn's work is so important; it explains the tendency to unanimity or consensus that does not mean correctness.
Here's an example:
When DeBroglie wrote his thesis, he turned to his music background and postulated that “sometimes” matter behaved like waves of music. His graduate committee scratched their heads, not knowing whether to flunk him or graduate him with honors. They sent out his thesis to the experts.
One expert said, “If you graduate this numbskull (paraphrase), I’ll resign my Nobel Prize!” Einstein said, “Give him the Nobel! (paraphrase).”
If they hadn't sent his thesis to Einstein, his work would have "overwhelmingly been rejected by the scientific community". Big deal. All scientific breakthrough starts in a very small group... usually one scientist. Do you really believe science is a democracy? Some of these single-scientist theories have taken the man's entire life to gain ascendance.
Then look at the history of science. How many theories have "overwhelmingly been rejected by the scientific community" and later replaced what all the scientists wanted to maintain.
Let's go back to Einstein's figurative library where all the mysteries of the universe are waiting to be revealed (I know it sounds a little crazy, but give Einstein some credit for being a pretty amazing scientist). Einstein got his inspiration from that image. An image that said, "Look for the simple and intuitively obvious".
I know it's comfortable to let the scientists vote for you and just go along. But you'll never create groundbreaking new ideas if you're looking for affirmation. Affirmation seekers find only inertia and sameness.
Don't interpret the affirmation as an indicator of truth. Think for yourself. Have an open mind.
Sorry to comment on my own words, but I forgot to add an important point.
One of the important lessons from Einstein's figurative library holding the mysteries of the universe is this; we scientists enter that library as little children, not being able to snatch the mysteries from the shelves on our own. We need help.
Now loudmouth, based on my past interactions with you, I would say you probably don't believe in Einstein's approach. But suppose you could turn back time and be his boss. Would you say to him, "Get real, Einstein! Think like the rest of us!" I would hope you wouldn't have squelched Einstein just because he thought differently than you.
Let's examine the big bang. In the first tiniest fraction of a second, big bangers say that a singularity occurred. For those of you unfamiliar with the term, it means that scientists believe this event was so fantastic and unexplainable, it's beyond the pale of cause-and-effect, which the scientists allow to be suspended for this event.
There's another event that happens around a black hole... an event horizon. This happens whether the black hole is aggregating or dispersing. Whether it's a growing black hole or a big bang. Whether you refer to the change wrought by the event horizon (you can call it a blue light rather than a red shifted light), but it's still pretty mysterious.
Something happened! That changed the universe that was wiped by this event horizon. I don't think you can say, loudmouth, exactly what happened, but it was pretty phenomenal. Did it make the universe look younger than it is, or older?
Let's take it a step further. If you accept the "Inflationary Universe" that Alan Guth wrote about in his book, this internationally known astrophysicist stated that there were stars outside of the Big Bang before it banged. Now, this is my thought experiment:
These preexisting stars shown light into the phenomenon of the big bang as it banged. The event horizon (or event horizons, as Guth believes) raced through this incoming light. What did that racing through do to the preexisting starlight? Before the big bang banged, those stars were 'neighboring' stars... that is, they were only the width of a black hole away. Then the big bang pushed those stars away from us at near light speed for 13.7 billion years. But the light we now see from those once-neighboring stars could have been the preexisting light from before the big bang.
All I'm trying to say is this: don't be a know-it-all. Don't call anyone an idiot who believes in a world view different from yours. You don't have to believe in their world view, but don't pretend to be the oracle from on high about truth. Such an oracle doesn't exist.
Now I admit that some of my Christian brothers and sisters have great faith in the Bible (which is a good thing from my perspective), but don't understand the scientific method. But I understand the scientific method and have had about 40 papers accepted in mainline conferences and publications where my scientific method was accepted and approved.
I build upon the scientific expertise of others. I have presented here statements made by men of renown in fields of science. They may have minority opinions, but minority opinion switches to majority in the field of science pretty often.
All I'm saying is give us a little room to disagree with you, loudmouth.
Sir Crick, one of the two men who got the nobel prize for discovering DNA, the biggest molecule known to man, said DNA was too complex to have evolved within the age of the Earth. He postulated directed panspermia, or that the aliens did it! You don't have to accept that theory. Just allow him to have a minority opinion that disagrees with yours. Don't call him an idiot. Be a little tolerant to dissenting opinion.