Answer me this then; Why do well known Egyptologists like Petrie and Breasted differ by more than 1000 years on the date of the pyramids, and by 700 years on the Hyksos period. Likewise, Petrie dates King Menes, the first hitorical King of Egypt, at about 5500 BC, while Breasted dates the very same Pharoh at 3400 BC.
First of all, the term PharAoh is terribly anachronistic and should not be used until the reign of Kamose or so; basically, it's wrong until c. 1580 B.C.
Petrie, you must recall, was basically the pioneer. He was brilliant, but there was a lot he couldn't get. For example, the early dynastic colossoi of Min that were turning up. He would excavate, and write in his journal, "the god's right hand is flat against his side, his left hand is in the normal position of Min, and there is a hole in the statue at about the same place as the left hand." Now, forgive the explicit nature of this example, but Petrie never caught onto the fact that these statues were of Min holding his phallus, though to any one of us that would have been obvious.
We do learn more as time went on, but it's slightly unfair to characterize an entire discipline by its earliest formulations. Breasted's was accepted for a while, but the discovery of the scorpion tablet and such has influenced us a great deal. We can't be exactly sure the precise date of a Pyramid, but we know within a hundred years or so (and that's being generous). Egyptian chronology in fact forms the basis (in terms of synchronisms) of the chronology of the entire Ancient Near East because they kept such good records of their reigns.
So that you know, in case if you didn't, Narmer/Menes is not the first historical king of Egypt. There were at least five before him, of which only the names are known. The date of the unification under Narmer, however, has a good middle date at 3080. Basically, we deal with dates in terms of astronomically verifiable facts, which sets us way ahead of Petrie's (frankly) guesses. However, it's still not perfect since we don't know exactly what place in Egypt those astronomical observations were made: Heliopolis and Elephantine are quite different on that face. The chronologies differ now in terms of a few decades from the 'highest' to the 'lowest,' rather than hundreds of years as in the early history of the discipline.
Oh, and on Hyksos, I should not fail to mention that that period is extremely difficult to do chronologically. I recently spent some time with it, and the dating of thousands of scarabs is simply insane. But thanks to the Turin Canon and Manetho's logs, we know pretty darn closely the period we're talking about. What we don't know is what order the Semitic kings of the of D14 and D15 periods were -- and which ones reigned simultaneously.
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