RufusAtticus: Fellowship (or DNAUnion),
Can you please answer my questions?
How many species or types of organisms are related to humans by common ancestry?
DNAunion: I would say that all life is related through a common ancestor from the distant past.
RufusAtticus: In other words, what criteria do you use to determine if organism X and organism Y are related by common descent or not?
DNAunion: I feel the evidence for common ancestry of vastly different organisms is compelling. Take for example fruit flies and humans. The universals of life apply: both are composed of cells, each carries its genetic information in DNA, both use the same genetic code, both synthesize proteins using ribosomes with mRNA carrying the information from DNA to ribosome, etc. In addition, the universals of eukaryotes apply to both: both fruit flies and humans have mitochondria, both have one or more nuclei in each of their cells, with their DNA arranged with histones and other proteins into discrete linear chromosomes, the somatic cells undergo mitosis, etc. In addition, both humans and fruit flies have the "universal" mitochondrial genome, both reproduce sexually, each employs the same hox gene Pax-6 or one of its analogs to direct eye development, and the genetic cascades of eye development in both contain many other corresponding genes in the same sequence of activation.
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