Sorry for the tangent, but I feel the need to address this statement as I've heard so many Christians mistakenly use it in support of taxation. The idea that Jesus was telling them to pay taxes is based on a totally out-of-context reading.
When read in context, "Give unto Caesar..." is a more-than-somewhat enigmatic remark Jesus uses to escape from the trap His enemies have set for Him. Remember this is not the Sermon on the Mount, where Jesus is preaching to a crowd. This is a public dialogue between Jesus and His enemies (here disguised as "just men") - one of the cat-and-mouse games they play repeatedly in the Gospels.
Jesus' enemies come to Him pretending 
to be "just men" in order to lure Him into making an 
incriminating statement. Think of them as agents provocateurs. 
Faking sincerity, they ask, "Is it lawful for us to give 
tribute unto Caesar, or no?" They're hoping He'll say no, thus 
allowing them to "take hold of His words" and bring them to 
the Romans. But Jesus twigs to them immediately ("He perceived 
their craftiness") and crafts His reply. Tempted as He is to tell Caesar where to go ("Why tempt ye 
me?"), Jesus carefully keeps from giving His enemies the 
evidence to have Him convicted of treason. Yet He also refuses 
to acknowledge Caesar's authority. Instead He answers by 
ordering His enemies to show him a penny and asking them to say 
whose face it shows. When they respond, "Caesar's," they 
give wily Jesus a way out of their trap. "And He said unto 
them, Render therefore unto Caesar the things which be Caesar's 
and unto God the things which be God's."
That statement disparages Caesar and his things - it more 
than suggests they're ungodly. Yet it doesn't give Jesus' 
enemies the evidence they hoped to use against Him, since while 
it's implicitly subversive, it doesn't make an explicit 
challenge to Caesar's rule. Jesus' enemies aimed to "take hold 
of His words, that so they might deliver him unto the power and 
authority of the governor" - i.e., so they could turn him 
over to the Romans. But Jesus outwitted them with His slippery 
reply, as Luke 20:26 testifies.
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