Oh brother. A wall of stuff I already know as if it's a lecture. This should be good.
"...Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the
product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely...Justa"
I noticed you dishonestly decided to not include this bit in the first paragraph.
Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism.
See that "observable characteristics".
Doesn't matter, if it's observable it's through the process described above, and if it's not it's through the process described above. All of which use pre-existing genetic material, whether you observe it or not.
No it's not. It's an alteration to the gene (mutation) that results in the gene producing a different product (like a protein) than it had previously.
This is not an auspicious start...
Doesn't matter. The gene itself that makes the proteins, already had that possibility to create that proteins from the start. Nothing new was added to the gene to allow it to produce anything. It is simply variation on what already existed.
So until you learn the difference between variation and evolution, there will never be a good start or finish. Variation exists, we see it all the time. We do not however ever observe species changing into species, until you misname them do to your "
species problem"
We see instead variations or different "breeds" within the same kind. Or "race" when applied to man.
Simply untrue.
MutationMutations are permanent changes in the DNA
-------
A small percentage of mutations may actually improve the function of the gene product or may convey a new or expanded function to that product. These mutations provide the "grist" for the evolutionary mill.
Which occurs "from switching on or off genes."
Recombination of parts of genes, not of genes themselves. And in that very section you again dishonestly exclude a sentence contradicting your claim.
Novel genes are produced by several methods, commonly through the duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene, or by recombining parts of different genes to form new combinations with new functions
novel gene = new gene (not an expression of what "already existed")
new functions = gene with new function (not a function that already existed)
All that was in there, you conviently want people to think I skipped it.
"Mutations result from unrepaired
damage to DNA or to RNA genomes (typically caused by radiation or chemical
mutagens), errors in the process of
replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by
mobile genetic elements...
...Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the
product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely...
...One study on genetic variations between different species of
Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a
protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid
polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial."
That you seem to think mutation occurs by some mythical means that doesn't involve variation of what "already existed," simply shows you have no understanding of the process involved.
Let's use one of your papers. The telling part you "conveniently" left out:
http://www.christianforums.com/t7832934-38/#post66069692
""and that both protein and RNA genes were composed from scratch (i.e.,
from previously nonfunctional sequences)."
bold mine"
2001 Release: First Analysis of Human GenomeThe draft sequence, which covers more than 90 percent of the human genome, represents the exact order of DNA's four chemical bases - commonly abbreviated as A, T, C and G - along the human chromosomes. This DNA text influences everything from eye color and height, to aging and disease.
The consortium's initial analysis of this text represents scientists' first global view of the human genomic landscape, with its extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution.
The results reported in this week's Nature represent major progress for the human genome consortium. On June 26, the consortium announced that it had collected roughly 90 percent of the letters of the text for the "Book of Life." The consortium's new achievement represents a further compilation of these letters into the first draft of a readable text.
Are we really supposed to take you seriously at this point?
Whooo, hoooo!!!!
We can tell you 90% is made up of A, T, C, and G; just don't ask us what 95% of it does is all.
That you know the letters, does not mean you know what their function is, or even if it has one. Give me a break with that strawman press release.
Noncoding DNA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"For example, over 98% of the
human genome is noncoding DNA,....
....Initially, a large proportion of noncoding DNA had no known biological function and was therefore sometimes referred to as "
junk DNA", particularly in the lay press. However, it has been known for decades
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed that many noncoding sequences are functional. These include genes for functional RNA molecules (see above) and sequences such as origins of replication, centromeres, and telomeres.
Some sequences may have no biological function for the organism, such as
endogenous retroviruses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed However, many types of noncoding DNA sequences do have important biological functions, including the
transcriptional and
translational regulation of protein-coding sequences,
origins of DNA replication,
centromeres,
telomeres, scaffold attachment regions (SARs), genes for functional RNAs, and many others. Other noncoding sequences have likely, but as-yet undetermined, functions. (This is inferred from high levels of sequence similarity seen in different species.)"