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Bradskii

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I think that saying in order to establish an authoritative standard of morality that's not arbitrary the transcendent needs to exist, is a valid and good argument against the ability to establish a secular morality. The denial of one position affirms another.
I thought you wanted to know how an atheist might consider how a secular morality is formed. That was the whole idea of the OP. If you are now saying that it can't be done (effectively saying that anything we say is wrong and you are right) then the conversation hasn't anywhere to go.

I'm not interested in a debate on God's existence.
 
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LoveDivine

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But then you have the problem as to which deity. And if we can get people agreed on that, then what interpretation of that deity's morality should we listen to? And who has the authority to give it? If I were a Christian, then the only person who would make that decision - who could make that decision, is me.
Good points. I will try to share my thoughts on your objections to a deity being the source or authority of morality.

The Christian is given a very objective standard of morality to follow in the form of Scripture. The Bible clearly outlines what is good conduct and what is permissible in the eyes of God. We don't get to interpret the absolute statements in Scripture, because we believe that these are the words of God. They contain commandments ( in the form of the 10 commandments) that we either choose to obey or disobey. The whole basis of the Christian faith is outlined within scripture : all men are sinful and have fallen short of God's glory and rightousness. If we break any of his laws ( 10 commandments) we can only be reconciled to God through the death and sacrifice of his son Christ. Scripture clearly states that this is the only path to Salvation. If you believe in the validity of Scripture, then you know exactly what moral code you must conform to. Some Christians may and do argue over how to interpret less black and white passages in the Bible. However, these arguments do not detract from the basis of the faith that all Christians accept: that salvation is obtained only through Jesus Christ.

Now, the difficult part of this discussion is that all do not accept the Scriptures or the Christian God. Other religions are based on their own conceptions of this deity. So your point is valid that with all the religions in the world, we clearly have not reached a universal understanding of who this deity is.

I cannot prove to someone that Jesus Christ exists and is God, but I can offer some arguments in favor of his existence and the Christian faith. Firstly, the Christian faith is the only religion that asserts that a person cannot earn his salvation through good deeds. All others religions are based on following rules and some form of merit system. Christianity is the only faith that seeks to reform men/ women from the inside out. It is not merely an outward form of morality that Christ seeks to give us, but true empathy and love for others. It is the only faith where deity himself set the standard and example of true love for others to follow by allowing himself to be nailed to a cross for our sakes.

That isn't "proof" of the Christian God being the true deity, but if we were to consider philosophically which deity is most fit to create the universal moral code for humans, wouldn't it make sense to choose the one who exceeded his own requirements and led by example?

For me, Christ's death is enough proof that the Christian conception of deity is true :)
 
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Tranquil Bondservant

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I thought you wanted to know how an atheist might consider how a secular morality is formed. That was the whole idea of the OP. If you are now saying that it can't be done (effectively saying that anything we say is wrong and you are right) then the conversation hasn't anywhere to go.

I'm not interested in a debate on God's existence.
The point was discussion and reasoning, which is why I allowed for some things to go off topic a bit or narrow down in the OP. It's ok if we can't continue, we can agree to let our arguments stand and we have had a good discussion I think. I'm having trouble with sleep at the moment and the amount of time & effort it takes me (my OCD makes me meticulous) to evaluate, consider and respond as best I can is incredibly taxing. I wasn't trying to deny your ability to form morality (though I do believe it fails), but I was saying that the argument was valid and that a discussion based on that argument trying to prove either for or against it would be profitable for the topic at hand. So the discussion itself would be valid. That was my fault for not phrasing it clearer, so my bad sorry.

God bless :heart:
 
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Gene2memE

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I think that saying in order to establish an authoritative standard of morality that's not arbitrary the transcendent needs to exist, is a valid and good argument against the ability to establish a secular morality. The denial of one position affirms another.

You don't need the transcendent, you just need either consensus/inter-subjectivity, moral normativity/ethical principles. See public hermit's earlier post.

Also, divine command theory doesn't solve any of the perceived issues related to secular moral theories. Because the 'authoritative standard of morality' is always subject to personal interpretation. What happens when my interpretation of the supposed objective moral standard is in conflict with your interpretation?

Plus, divine command theory - even modern sophisticated versions of it - throws up so many issues on its own that it's moribund. There's the still unresolved Euthyphro Dilemma, and all sorts of problems related to arbitrariness, fixitude, divine silence, consequentialism and mercy/justice paradoxes that are inherent to divine command theory. Unless you have an interventionist God constantly updating its commands, or tapping you on the shoulder for every moral situation, DCT is unworkable in practicality.
 
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Gene2memE

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Good points. I will try to share my thoughts on your objections to a deity being the source or authority of morality.

The Christian is given a very objective standard of morality to follow in the form of Scripture. The Bible clearly outlines what is good conduct and what is permissible in the eyes of God. We don't get to interpret the absolute statements in Scripture, because we believe that these are the words of God.

Love your neighbor and buy your slaves from the heathens that surround you are both in that same book. God's commandments in the Bible include dashing infants against rocks, treating women as property (alongside children and slaves), and stoning new brides who aren't virgins.

If God commands one group of people to commit rape and genocide, or to sacrifice animals in its name, or to take people as property, does that mean those things are universally applicable and "good conduct"?
 
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LoveDivine

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Love your neighbor and buy your slaves from the heathens that surround you are both in that same book. God's commandments in the Bible include dashing infants against rocks, treating women as property (alongside children and slaves), and stoning new brides who aren't virgins.

If God commands one group of people to commit rape and genocide, or to sacrifice animals in its name, or to take people as property, does that mean those things are universally applicable and "good conduct"?
This is a very disingenuous post and total lack of context and understanding of what the Scriptures actually teach. It's obvious you have no desire to actually read Scripture and understand the nature of God or you would not cherry pick and twist a few verses and create your own idea of what God was actually commanding. I'm not interested in having a debate with someone who doesn't care to state things accurately. If you have not studied the Bible in depth and its entirety your opinion is worse than being half informed. We wouldn't treat any other novel or work of literature with that lack of scholarly approach.
 
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Bradskii

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...you would not cherry pick and twist a few verses and create your own idea of what God was actually commanding.
May I ask if there is anything in the bible that either you believe God commanded or that Jesus taught with which you disagree?
 
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LoveDivine

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May I ask if there is anything in the bible that either you believe God commanded or that Jesus taught with which you disagree?
I don't disagree with anything that Jesus taught. There are some passages in the Old Testament that are difficult to understand and interpret, but if you actually read what is being said it is clear that God does not condone rape or murder or the dashing of little children.

For one thing rape was punished severely by the Mosaic law ( the law that was given to Moses by God directly on Mount Sinai when he received the Ten Commandments ). You can read all the penalties that God prescribed for rapists in the Old Testament. Secondly, murder was forbidden and came with the penalty of death: Thou Shalt Not Kill. If someone in Jewish society killed another he was to be put to death as per God's law. So right there we see that God commands that we neither kill nor violate women. That is why I commented that it is not a fair reading of Scripture to say that the Bible condones these actions.

Now, the Bible does say in the Old Testament that "Blessed is he that dashes their little ones against the stones." It's hard to imagine that God would ever inspire anyone to think that. However, if you study the Old Testament, you will see clear themes develop : God is very displeased with the wicked. The practice of worshipping idols and graven images instead of acknowledging the true God: Thou Shalt Have No Other God's Before Me is in God 's mind the worst sin that a human can commit. It's the first of the Ten Commandments. God warns sinners that he will judge them for breaking his laws and harming others. God is righteous when he executes judgment, etc. These are very much the clear themes of the teachings of the Old Testament. So in that light; God did command at times that judgment be carried out on certain nations. He passed sentence as a rightous judge on these nations. Very much the same way that a judge today by the laws of the land passes a life sentence or in some areas a death sentence for serious crimes.

Is that fair? Well that is up to each individual to decide. Personally, I feel it is so and the real Christian understands what sin is ( the Bible explains that in depth) and sympathizes with God. We understand what it means to violate God's laws and we accept that we deserve punishment. If God punished me for my sins (and yes I have committed many ) I believe I would deserve it. Breaking God's laws comes with a death penalty: eternal death. Jesus died to save us and his teachings show that though we can never be deemed righteous on our own ( after we have broken his laws) we can be forgiven because he died in our place. In light of his sacrifice, I believe that God is more than fair. I believe it helps to understand these things if we view God as the judge who presides over the court of the universe. A judge is bound to uphold the laws and must pass sentences on those who break laws. The same way that it would be unfair for a judge in western society to allow a murderer to go free simply because he felt sorry for him is the same with God. He must uphold his laws; because he created these laws with the good of the entire universe in mind.
 
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Bradskii

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Now, the Bible does say in the Old Testament...
I was in Cambodia a few years above ago and visited the Killing Fields. There's a tree there (I won't link to a picture because it's too depressing) where the Khmer Rouge used to save ammunition by beating children to death against it. It's not possible for me to grasp that an act like that could be justified in any way. By anyone. In any situation. I was hoping that you might use something like that to explain that it wasn't really God's wish. That it was just a story to convince people not to sin against Him.

It's not possible to have a reasonable conversation about morality when something as evil as that can be excused.
 
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LoveDivine

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I find it fascinating that the very same people who endorse abortion and even partial birth abortion and are indignant if it is even suggested that the practice is a form of infanticide are often the loudest to condemn God for judging those who disobey his laws and for destroying nations. A mother has the right to decide if she will allow a child to remain developing within her womb: her body her choice. But God, the creator of the universe and all people does not have the same right to decide who remains within his creation.

Dare I say that anyone who even questions the destruction of a fetus is scoffed at for being ridiculous, backwards, close minded and misogynist. Of course the woman is perfectly moral in her choice to terminate life because it benefits her personally. Her body her choice. She is often praised for her decision. Yet God who has the good of the entire universe in mind is railed on and hated for deeming that the lives of certain wicked and rebellious people should be ended. His universe his choice. God may remove simmers as a warning to others. Also, many are not content to disobey God for themselves but must corrupt others. Their removal serves as a warning and safeguard to others who might also be led astray. It is actually God's mercy towards others when he judges the most violent offenders. Also, the nation's that God did destroy were savage, cruel, rapists, etc. He did not judge innocents. Any children who may have been destroyed in that would not have been judged eternally. They in a way were being spared the most likely outcome of following in their parents wicked example and being judged eternally as adults. Though it is tragic it was actually a mercy to those children that they were spared eternal death/ punishment. If anyone is to blame it is their wicked parents for bringing judgment down upon themselves and their own families.

But no, God is evil. Women who terminate their own pregnancies and dash their little ones are good. At least the wicked people who God destroys had plenty of opportunities to repent. The aborted fetus had no chance.

So lest we all get very smug in condemning God for being a murderer for simply governing his own universe as he sees fit, lets not forget the murder we assent to daily and defend and promote as being a virtue. Murder that is justified because the mother wishes to do so. She doesn't have to have a better reason than that she simply wishes for the pregnancy to end. And then we hail her as a feminist.
 
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FireDragon76

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I tend to agree. Moral claims cannot be purely subjective, otherwise we're back at the "state of nature" where it's every person for themselves. What has proven effective is inter-subjective agreement. Every scientific claim that is widely accepted has become so through inter-subjective agreement. The social contract assumes we all agree that we do better working together than separately, and that cooperation entails we submit to the weal of the group.Thats not always perfect but it's better than chaos.

The problem with trying to ground morals in God (and I do believe justice and goodness and love are real because God is essentially those transcendent goods) is that it still reduces to faith in God. If God, and the transcendental goods that God is, were demonstrable, then it would be a different story, but they're not. Ground your moral in whatever you want, if we're going to actually flourish we need common ground, which I think is something like well-being, flourishing, etc. I think there is wide-spread, inter-subjective agreement regarding basic human goods- life, basic necessities, security, the ability to live one's life according to one's own determination (within the bounds of social agreement), etc. The wider the agreement, the more likely we're hitting the mark. As Aristotle famously stated (Nichomachean Ethics), we shouldn't look for precision in areas of inherent ambiguity.

I agree with what you've said.

I've been contemplating starting a thread to discuss Ken Wilbur's objection to monotheism, because I don't think Protestant Christians have really thought about it much, God and ethics tied together are sort of taken as a given. Wilbur says the problem with monotheism is that it's obsessed with the question "What does God want from us?" and monotheists can't agree on what God wants, or even why what God wants should matter. And that's why he isn't a Christian/Muslim/Jew.

I think you pointing to wellbeing as a common ground is interesting. I just don't think most Protestants traditionally think that way about ethics/morality. It is a potential answer to Ken Wilbur. But if wellbeing is the basis of finding what is ethical, how do we understand things like divine commandments? How should this inform Christian theology and praxis?
 
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Bradskii

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But no, God is evil....So lest we all get very smug in condemning God for being a murderer for simply governing his own universe as he sees fit...
You probably have noticed that I'm an atheist. It shouldn't be too much to understand that I'm not likely to accuse somebody I don't think exists of being evil. I may not be the smartest tool in the shed but I am not that stupid.

My problem is not with God. It's with people who will allow literally anything, excuse anything and quite often do anything, because they believe God has commanded it. That's what I have a problem with.

Not that there is any indication that God did command it. It appears to be the opinion of Jerimiah (and the psalm is 137, not 139). So a simple and entirely reasonable response would have been to say that the opinion of one man does not implicate God in such a depraved act. And it could be discounted. But you have decided that a depraved act, and there cannot be serious argument that it is not, is acceptable to you if you think it's acceptable to Him.

One could literally do whatever one wanted and simply say 'Hey, it's what God wanted me to do' and that would be what they would class as justification. And that's not a hypothetical scenario either. As you well know.
 
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public hermit

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But if wellbeing is the basis of finding what is ethical, how do we understand things like divine commandments? How should this inform Christian theology and praxis?

When the law is given to the ancient Hebrews, it is given so that they would flourish as God's people in the land. In several places a direct connection is made between keeping the law and life, e.g., Deut. 30:15, 19. Jesus makes the divine intention for life explicit when he says the SOM came so that we would have life and have it abundantly.

I think we have an inherent desire for our own flourishing (even if we're not very good at achieving it), and the second great commandment to love our neighbors as ourselves is essentially telling us to extend that same desire to others, i.e., seek good for others as you do for yourself. The idea being that what is good leads to well-being/life. In short: love is in order to goodness, and goodness is in order to life/well-being.

For me, this framework (love > goodness > life) is unmistakably given. The divine intention is for flourishing life and the resurrection is God's witness to that intention. Once we have the reason (divine intention) behind the commandments (particularly their summation in the commandment to love) then we have what is needed for right understanding and practice. But it also helps to not be a fundamentalist. Fundamentalism regarding scripture will invariably end up abrogating the divine intention for life in favor of personal righteousness./salvation, imo.
 
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FireDragon76

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When the law is given to the ancient Hebrews, it is given so that they would flourish as God's people in the land. In several places a direct connection is made between keeping the law and life, e.g., Deut. 30:15, 19. Jesus makes the divine intention for life explicit when he says the SOM came so that we would have life and have it abundantly.

I think we have an inherent desire for our own flourishing (even if we're not very good at achieving it), and the second great commandment to love our neighbors as ourselves is essentially telling us to extend that same desire to others, i.e., seek good for others as you do for yourself. The idea being that what is good leads to well-being/life. In short: love is in order to goodness, and goodness is in order to life/well-being.

For me, this framework (love > goodness > life) is unmistakably given. The divine intention is for flourishing life and the resurrection is God's witness to that intention. Once we have the reason (divine intention) behind the commandments (particularly their summation in the commandment to love) then we have what is needed for right understanding and practice. But it also helps to not be a fundamentalist. Fundamentalism regarding scripture will invariably end up abrogating the divine intention for life in favor of personal righteousness./salvation, imo.

If human flourishing is what is important, wouldn't the Law at least be somewhat superfluous?
 
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public hermit

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If human flourishing is what is important, wouldn't the Law at least be somewhat superfluous?

It would be if we didn't have a really hard time achieving flourishing life. Apparently, we need some guidance.
 
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FireDragon76

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It would be if we didn't have a really hard time achieving flourishing life. Apparently, we need some guidance.

Yeah, but we have the Law, and there's still alot of threats to human flourishing. Now more than ever. And much of it due to people that go around justifying themselves by the same Law.

I think some of this is relatable to what Paul says in Romans. Perhaps alot of American Evangelicals have dowwnplayed the antinomian implications of Paul's theology (though Paul isn't thoroughly consistent on this point, himself).
 
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LoveDivine

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You probably have noticed that I'm an atheist. It shouldn't be too much to understand that I'm not likely to accuse somebody I don't think exists of being evil. I may not be the smartest tool in the shed but I am not that stupid.

My problem is not with God. It's with people who will allow literally anything, excuse anything and quite often do anything, because they believe God has commanded it. That's what I have a problem with.

Not that there is any indication that God did command it. It appears to be the opinion of Jerimiah (and the psalm is 137, not 139). So a simple and entirely reasonable response would have been to say that the opinion of one man does not implicate God in such a depraved act. And it could be discounted. But you have decided that a depraved act, and there cannot be serious argument that it is not, is acceptable to you if you think it's acceptable to Him.

One could literally do whatever one wanted and simply say 'Hey, it's what God wanted me to do' and that would be what they would class as justification. And that's not a hypothetical scenario either. As you well know.
I agree with you that many people are willing to do violent things in the name of God. But someone claiming to do these acts in God's name is wrong: God can execute judgment as he sees fit, but we can't. Humans are very quick to even scores and get revenge and will use any justification for it. I would personally never condone that. At best they may be misguided or worse, they can purposely twist Scripture to justify their own personal agenda. As we can see with many atrocities that have been committed. If God truly decrees something I accept it and trust that it is just and right, because my belief is that God is always just and seeks the welfare of the universe (even if I don't always understand it ). That doesn't mean that I accept others who claim to be acting in the interest of God as being right.

The life and death of Christ issued a new covenant with man : it is the time of mercy. We will still be judged eternally for our sins if we don't accept his sacrifice, but the emphasis has shifted from judgment and law to grace. Any Christian today who would seek to promote their faith through violence is violating the Great Commission. That was Christ's commandment to his Disciples to spread the good news of his life and death to the entire world. He also commanded us to love our neighbor and turn the other cheek. He stated that he had fulfilled the law. One cannot use God's name to promote violence nor justify religious wars based on some instances of divine judgment in the Old Testament. Christ said he had given us two greater commandments: To love God with all our our heart and to love our neighbor as ourselves. Thus, I would condemn the acts of any Christians or church who used violence to spread their faith or justified things like slavery or oppression of women or minorities, etc. They are violating Christ's own commandments. They can't defend their actions by citing instances of judgment in the Old Testament, since Christ's new commandments supercede that.

As for the very controversial point about dashing children, I agree with you that an opinion of David or Jeremiah does not necessarily mean that God shares it. However if you read the entire Psalm you will understand the context of why this was said. This particular psalm is usually credited to being a psalm that Jeremiah wrote (although David expresses similar sentiments in many of the Psalms he wrote). Btw, thanks for pointing out that I had cited the wrong reference. I also mispoke when I said these were David's words : I had confused that passage with other similar statements that David did make. So thanks for clarifying that.

Jeremiah is describing the great suffering and destruction of Judah, and their captivity into Babylon. If you read the book of Jeremiah, he prophesied and had many visions from God about the impending destruction of Judah. God warned what would happen to the Jews if they did not repent. It is not that he commanded others to slaughter them ; rather that he removed his divine protection on the nation and allowed the surrounding savage nations to do what cruelty they delighted in. Cruelty that he was preventing until that point.

In that Psalm, he is complaining to God about the delight that the pagan nations of Edom and Babylon took in destroying the Jews. The Babylonians were vicious and raped, murdered the children, and put out the eyes of their captives, etc. All sorts of awful things and they took delight in cruelty. Jeremiah, who saw that these things would occur prophetically by God, said O Daughter of Babylon who art to be destroyed, Happy shall he be that rewardeth thee as thou hast served us. Happy shall he be that taketh and dashes thy little ones against the stones. Clearly, he is expressing his sense of justice and that these wicked nations deserved to be wiped out as punishment for their treatment of others. It wasn't a commandment to kill. I was also the one who took issue with another poster who claimed the Bible promoted all sorts of violence. I said he twisted and cherry picked. I also said that what was being expressed in those verses and in the other Psalms of David was sympathy for God when he destroys sinners. Btw, God loved David. He called him a man after his own heart and chose to descend from his lineage. Christ was the son of David. So clearly David understood and pleased God and had some idea of how God felt towards the wicked.

God did at times execute judgment on entire pagan nations and that did at times include the children. Also, he destroyed an entire city and its inhabitants with fire. It's not logical to claim that these judgments were the will and opinions of certain men and not God. David in many of his Psalms in quite graphic terms explains the judgment of God on the wicked. Read Psalm 2 and 3 as an example. There is even a reference to God breaking the teeth of the wicked. You cannot ignore many themes in the Old Testament: many Christians do this all the time in an attempt to make God more palatable to the non-Christians. It''s not accurate and its disingenous. We do no person any favors by pretending that one of the attributes of God, that he is a righteous judge , does not really exist. God is angry with the wicked daily, he reserves the right to end the life of anyone who rebels against him at any time and is just for doing so. The scriptures teach that explicitly and it is a recurring theme. It's not one man or a few men's opinions
It's actually a testament to his mercy and patience that he so rarely executes that judgment. And, not only is he patient, but he sent his own son to die on our behalf so that he could fairly and righteously uphold his laws while simultaneously providing us with a way to escape our justly deserved punishment.

That is my final post in this thread. I don't have any more points to make. I appreciate your responses and the time you put into sharing thoughtful objections.
 
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Bradskii

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As for the very controversial point about dashing children, I agree with you that an opinion of David or Jeremiah does not necessarily mean that God shares it. However if you read the entire Psalm you will understand the context of why this was said.
I know why it was said. I'm familiar with the psalm (some of it even formed the lyrics of a pop song back in the late 70's). And it was outrageous to say it. But you spent a whole post suggesting that if God recomended it, it would have been just. That it would have been acceptable.

If you think that God is love, that God is just, if God is concerned for our well being, then He is not the type of God that would accept anyone dashing out the brains of a child. That is evil. And God cannot be evil. We have to use our God-given sense of what is right or wrong to determine that for ourselves. So just because men wrote in the bible that some evil happened does not mean that God would have approved. Even if they said He did.

It is painfully obvious to me that stories like this, and stories like the flood, are written by those who want to convince people that He is not to be taken lightly. That He will punish those that transgress His laws even to the point of killing their innocent children. It's quite a common trope in literature when we have characters who will threaten not just to kill anyone who crosses them, but their wives and children, their friends. Everyone they know. Meaning that they are not to be taken lightly (off the top of my head, using films - The Godfather, The Usual Suspects, Unforgiven etc).

It's up to you whether you think He would do that. The type of God in which you want to believe is entirely up to you. And it's certainly not my place to tell you. But it is encumbent on me to point out the consequences that can and do result when people think that anything is justified if they think God has given it a divine thumbs up.
 
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zippy2006

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But my argument is that morality is not arbitrary, especially not by nature. It is because of nature/evolution that morality exists. It exists as a feature that encourages the survival of our species. It's not arbitrary at all.
And yet:

The survival of a social species is cooperative effort. As long as the species thrives, why should a rare suicide matter.

I run from a burning building because I want to survive. I do NOT do it for the species. It happens that if I live long enough to procreate then I've contributed to the species surviving. If enough people get out of burning buildings, the species does survive.
You say that morality is about the survival of our species or the smooth functioning of society, and yet you abhor laws against suicide. That doesn't make any sense.

Or do you think that everything that harms the survival of the species should be allowed when it occurs rarely? Such that murders, rapes, suicides, et al. are permissible so long as they are rare? The next question is, "When should suicide become illegal?" In Canada suicide is the "second leading cause of death among youth and young adults" (source). Is this a sufficient danger to the society to merit prohibition?
 
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Bradskii

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The next question is, "When should suicide become illegal?" In Canada suicide is the "second leading cause of death among youth and young adults" (source). Is this a sufficient danger to the society to merit prohibition?

Do you really think that someone who has decided, literally, to end their own life will stop and think 'Hang on, it's against the law now. Gee, I don't want to get into trouble'.

A law against suicide is about as nonsensical a law as one could imagine. Although I have no problem in having laws about helping people commit suicide.
 
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