Hmm. How about the subject of fat and cholesterol and health?
Researchers noted a correlation between the amount of fat in people's diets and the amount of obesity. So then in the 70's there was talk about decreasing the amount of fats/oils in the diet, using margarine instead of butter. But then later on they discovered that there was 'good fat' and 'bad fat' and they couldn't figure out how margarine stayed solid at room-temperature and maybe margarine wasn't so good for you.
People with high cholesterol are told to reduce the intake of high-cholesterol foods, but is everyone able to control cholesterol by diet alone or aren't medicines most effective?
There's a difference between correlation and causation. We can look at correlations and do various studies in various ways, and we can set up controlled lab environments to isolate variables and identify causes in various other ways, but the one sort of study is very different from the other, and identifying a correlation isn't considered proof of causation. It may be that high fat diets are a cause of people becoming fat (at least high 'bad fat' diets), and it may also be that high-cholesterol diets are a cause of people having high cholesterol, but the correlative studies do not establish causation.
So how should we approach this question? Should we throw up our hands because it is too hard to understand? Should we invent a cause, like fat fairies, and refuse to look at any evidence that contradicts the invented cause? Or should we apply the scientific method to find the answer?
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