How were the ancients able to determine one planet from another thousands of years ago, and even name them, especially Poseidon (Neptune) which is invisible to the naked eye? Did they have telescopes?
When you lack the sensory-overloading devices of the modern age, you have a lot more time to appreciate the stars. Even now, we can readily recognise large patterns in the sky: Orion, the Milky Way, etc. To someone who had absolutely no light pollution, who spent their entire lives looking up at the night sky, remembering major stars and seeing how the progress across the sky is quite easy.
Stars (and other, very distant objects) precess around the Earth's axis, so you have them moving in large arcs. Most importantly, they move in the same way: the arrangement of Orion's Belt doesn't change, because it's not the
stars that are moving, but the Earth.
The planets, on the other hand, move relative to this 'static' stellar backdrop: while the stars are effectively fixed, Venus moves about relative to the other stars. These errant objects were seen by all humans across the ages, so stories inevitably grew up about them. As unique objects in the sky, they acheived divinity: the planet we call Mercury was associated with many gods, including the Roman god Mercury (hence, obviously, its name).
So that's how the ancients knew about the planets. They saw what appeared to be 'stars' moving quite erratically across the otherwise regular night sky. Today, we name these objects after Graceo-Roman deities (Mercury, Venus, etc).
The planet Neptune, however, is not visible to the naked eye, so the ancients did not know about it. They certainly had a
god called 'Neptune', but they were unaware of the
planet that we modern people call 'Neptune'.
I beginning to appreciate the way you must feel when we talk about God.
That's either a compliment or an insult...
