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See this for a complex psychological/phenomenological interpretation of sin (i.e., a useful one that isn't just esoteric to itself).
Biblically, sin is whatever faith isn't (Romans 14:23, and no, the context doesn't refer exclusively to diet).
Upon reading I gather that sin is rebellion against God. A refusal to trust and acknowledge him as God. Is this a fair summary?
Sure! But Kierkegaard breaks sin into two categories: defiance and weakness. Even though each have a bit of the opposite in them, most people aren't evil defiant people who intentionally rebel against God with every fiber of their being; rather they're the types of people who seem to be too weak to push through with living out faith.
I have questions about the above but I don't want to derail the conversation. So maybe from here our conversation will become two conversations.
Here's my question from the above: So there's three types of people? Those who live by faith, those who rebel against God, and those who are weak?
Continuing our conversation about the nature of sin: Why is rebellion against God a problem? Why is "salvation" from this state relevant or desirable?
What causes a person to live in faith? What causes a person to live in sin? What can end the defiance? What can strengthen the weakness?Loving your questions so far.
I'd say it's two types of people, those who live in faith and those who live in sin, but the latter can be broken into defiance and weakness.
From our perspective, rebellion against God is a problem in the same way that rebellion against a benevolent earthly father is a problem. We've lost our true home, our identity as this father's son or daughter. Salvation is desirable because it's the correction of this misrelationship. And it makes us happier.
Loving your questions so far.
I'd say it's two types of people, those who live in faith and those who live in sin, but the latter can be broken into defiance and weakness.
From our perspective, rebellion against God is a problem in the same way that rebellion against a benevolent earthly father is a problem. We've lost our true home, our identity as this father's son or daughter. Salvation is desirable because it's the correction of this misrelationship. And it makes us happier.
What causes a person to live in faith? What causes a person to live in sin? What can end the defiance? What can strengthen the weakness?
Blessedness and misery. I agree that this is the Christian assessment. Salvation is blessedness that comes from friendship with God. This is represented today by a Spirit-filled life of faith, hope, and love. Damnation is misery that comes from sin. This is represented today by suffering and death.
How does one fall into a state of sin? On what does this salvation depend? How is this salvation applied to me?
Faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the Word of God. This isn't the written word only, but the incorporeal word, Christ as Logos, which breaks down practically as the commands of our conscience. This means that anyone can live in faith, but the reason for being a Christian is you correctly name that commandment collection in your conscience as Christ, and so you're able to have continuity with faith; if you don't value your conscience as that through which you're saved, you're much less likely to take it seriously. Ultimately faith is freedom: the hard freedom of the will required to become who you are. Sin is the easy way, the letting pass of what you know to do, with rationalizations coming later. Nothing causes a person to live in faith or sin; that is the requirement of freedom. What ends the defiance and weakness is faith, given that both are sin. Faith cures sin like sunlight cures darkness.
One falls into a state of sin by losing the narrow path by the infinite distractions brought on by the broad one. I'm following the will of God, usually preconsciously, and feel the contentment that comes with it, watering the fruits of the spirit by doing so. Then a work worry comes about, and two days later I'm still lost in my dread, contentment gone, fruits withering up (but still present). The salvation is applied to you particularly and concretely depending on the specific commandments or direction God has for you at this moment. Which hopefully involves writing this post.By fulfilling these commandments you become who you are, which is who God has made you to be. But God can't make you be something without your consent.
BTW, apropos Calvinism and grace, I would say (Kierkegaard leading the way) that salvation is always given by grace, given that we're incapable of providing a direction for ourselves by ourselves. It just isn't irresistible grace, given that we need in every moment to choose the command given by grace.
All interesting. I'm going to try to boil it down. So the word that we must hear is the commands of God. These commands come through the law or through the conscience. Faith is obedience to these commands. Sin is disobedience to these commands. The difference between faith and sin is hearing and willpower. If someone is living in sin it's because they're not hearing or because they're hearing and intentionally rebelling, or hearing and too weak to respond with obedience.
This seems to me to be the antithesis of the gospel. You're teaching obedience to the law by willpower. If you obey you'll be blessed. If you disobey you'll be cursed. This was the message of the Pharisees. But somehow you have a universalist twist. Apparently everyone will eventually get their act together and obey.
The gospel on the other hand teaches that all have rebelled against God and disobeyed because of unbelief - a denial of the Lord's benevolence and goodness. This rebellion is an assault on God's majesty and on his creation. Rebellion against God results in injustice in the world. And the Lord, as a defender of the weak, is terribly angry against injustice and unbelief. He will surely call it to account and punish it.
The faith you're putting forward is a demonstration of our own strength and willpower apart from the grace of God. This is anti gospel. A false gospel. Don't you think?
There's salvation by willpower, salvation by grace and willpower, and salvation solely by grace. Pelagianism, Kierkegaardianism, Calvinism. The Pharisees were more in line with the former. The point here is that you can't just live by hearing, but also by obeying: "blessed rather are those who hear the word of God and keep it!" (Luke 11:28), and, "so faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead." (James 2:17). The implication is clear: faith by definition entails works, or else it negates itself. Faith is acquired by a command, but by itself the command doesn't save (actually, it opens up the possibility for condemnation if you don't obey), hence the need for "works". And so the question is: who does these works? If it's up to God, it's absurd for James to be condemning his readers for not following through! Therefore, it's logically about human freedom. Faith is the command (given by God through grace) followed through (works by man). The fallacy of Calvinism, IMHO, is that it omits the importance of work by focusing exclusively on grace.
The universalist twist isn't directly relevant to our discussion here, but involves judgment, at which people will realize God as God and not be willing at all to say no.
Interestingly, you'll not find but one or two (at most) references to "belief" in nominal form in a good NT translation. Why? Because "belief" is exactly identical to "faith", which is the preferred nominal form for the verbal, "to believe". Both "to believe" and "faith" (or rarely "belief") have the same Greek morpheme, "pist". So it's not about believing in a conceptual sense at all, but about having faith, about living your life in a certain relational way (or not) with God.
Calvinism does not believe in what you call a "salvation by grace without works".Not at all. If anything it's the correct middle way between Pelagianism and Calvinism, between salvation by works without grace and salvation by grace without works, neither of which are Biblical, and according to your terminology would be antigospel.
I believe that you mistakenly conflate Calvinism with fideism or what we would call "easy believeism". Calvin and his ilk have a very high view of God's law and obedience to that law. Dr John Frame, probably the most preeminent Calvinist theologian, defines salvation by the law. Salvation is obedience to the law. His meaning is not that obedience to the law by willpower is what saves a person, but that a saved person grows into a state of total obedience to the law. Glorification is a state of perfect obedience that will not be achieved until after the resurrection. From a reformed perspective, true, saving faith is a faith that submits to the Lordship of Christ. But that faith has an object. It's a living and active trust in Jesus, not just as Lord but also as savior and mediator. It's a living union with Christ.
I would like to believe that this is true but I don't think that the biblical datum allows for it. If the Holy Spirit does not illumine a person in this age, what makes you think that he will illumine a person at the time of judgment?
I'm well aware of this and I don't understand "belief" or "faith" in the saving sense to be merely intellectual assent to some proposition. Pistis means living trust. Obedient union. But the object of faith must be reliable. It seems to me that your understanding of faith grasps the obedience but sees no need for the reliability of Christ - the gift of Christ. His obedience. His sacrifice. His resurrection. My faith needs Christ for those things. Your faith does not seem to need Christ as savior. Maybe Christ as example or Christ as law, but not Christ as savior.
Calvinism does not believe in what you call a "salvation by grace without works".
So what's your perspective on my exegesis of James 2, then? I've yet to find a Calvinist who takes that verse seriously without contradicting the meaning of the context or his own theology (usually the former).
James is concerned with defining saving faith. He asks: "what good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works (obedience to the law)? Can that faith save him?"
According to James (and Paul, Jesus, and the other apostles) true faith is obedient faith. If someone says: "Jesus is Lord and savior" but does not live a life in line with that confession then his confession is invalidated. He doesn't truly believe. He only says that he believes.
It's not a difference between intellectual faith and active faith. It's a difference between a false profession of faith and a true profession of faith.
And to me he's saying that faith by itself isn't faith at all, given that it doesn't involve works. Hence faith without works is dead. So the question becomes, for any moment of faith (which invites the possibility of sin or salvation), is man or God responsible for works? If God is responsible, this fits with Calvinism (man isn't working out his own salvation), but the major problem here is that James is putting the responsibility on his listeners to work out their faith, not God. So this leaves the alternative: if man is responsible, then Calvinism can't be the case, given that Calvinism, jiving with irresistible grace unto salvation, by definition precludes the very idea of working out faith unto salvation.
For Paul (and Calvin) it's both.
Philippians 2:12-13 - Therefore, my beloved, as you have always obeyed, so now, not only as in my presence but much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling, for it is God who works in you, both to will and to work for his good pleasure.
1 Corinthians 15:10 - But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace toward me was not in vain. On the contrary, I worked harder than any of them, though it was not I, but the grace of God that is with me.
Since I consider myself an atheist towards personal Gods, that would mean I am living in sin according to you, correct?
Tell me, what exactly does it mean to live in sin? If you knew a person for a period of time and never discussed faith beliefs, would you be able to tell if they were living in sin?
It logically can't be both. It must either be the case that salvation involves faith (given by God) which is actualized by man (works), or that both faith and works are given by God (leading to the contradiction mentioned above).
So with Philippians "working out your salvation" means working out the glimmer given by God through grace, which is called faith. It's as if people have this commandment or light within them that is given by God completely against their will, and it's what people do with this light that determines sin or salvation. With 1 Corinthians, I think Paul is hitting a Kierkegaardian vein perfectly: by the grace of God I have a sense of my ideal self (or those actions that God gives me through grace), and as such I am capable of being who I am. This grace (here probably meaning the Logos, command, or light) is the necessary cause which overhauls any sufficient causes (works) in getting credit for things. Just like if I were to give you a rope while you're drowning, I and the rope both get credit even if you worked your tail off to stave off death.
God, by his grace, works in a person to motivate them to obey. The person does indeed obey of their own free will, but this will is strengthened and enabled by the grace of God. Apart from God's grace man would never choose God. So it's both. God gives grace that empowers man to obey. Man obeys thanks to the grace of God. Who gets the glory for man's obedience? It can only be God. Yes man is responsible for his obedience but God is the one who brought it about and on whom it depends.