Is the guilt of Adam's sin imputed to his offspring (us)? Why or why not?
I wish I had come to this op before its discussion got so lengthy because it's an important question, and the answer is one most don't wish to accept.
I'd start by ask you to define your terms. How is "
guilt," or more specifically, the "
guilt of Adam's sin" intended to be understood for usage in this discussion? Same question for the term, "
sin." Same with "
imputed." We can't discuss the matter cohesively if we're not using like terms in like manner.
Most people define "
sin" as "
lawlessness," because of 1 John 3:4. The problem is John did not say "
sin is only lawlessness;" and scripture gives us several ways to define sin, such as "
whatever is not done from faith is sin," or "
all unrighteousness is sin," and it holds us to standards that are not wholly defined by law, such as "
Be perfect as your Father in heaven is perfect." In other words, the Bible defines sin as a condition that is a function of both conduct
and disposition and the two are inextricable. This is generally understood in the adage, "
We sin because we're sinners and we're sinners because we sin." It's a "feedback loop."
So
if that definition of sin is acceptable to all then the question becomes something like, "
Is the guilt of Adam's imperfect unrighteous unfaithful disposition and lawless or disobedient conduct imputed to his offspring? and the answer to
that question is most definitely in the affirmative. This is seen most visibly in scripture in verses such as Romans 5:12 where we read ".
..sin entered into the world through one man, and death through sin, so also death passed to all men, because all sinned." While much debate has ensued about the nature of the verse's causality we can all agree that it is speaking to an inescapable phenomenon
everyone will experience. No one except Jesus was or ever will be born who does not sin. This is similar to the language used in John 3:19 when we are told men love darkness because their deeds are evil. This might be a point of debate for some but having stated the point I'll now move on and entertain exegetical responses as they arise. The point is there is a scriptural basis for understand the pervasive effects of Adam's disobedience.
However, I will provide a more modern reason for understanding the ancient truth taught us in scripture concerning Adam's disobedience. This has to do with what we now understand about the physiological effects of
trauma. Adam (and Eve) was created good, unashamed, and sinless. I assume everyone knows where scripture reports those facts but if not I will entertain relevant inquiries to list the applicable references as needed. At Genesis 3:6 Adam was good, unashamed, and sinless. At Genesis 3:7 he disobeyed God in in that instant became not-good, ashamed, and sinful. This is an existential change in his inherent disposition so severe it borders on an ontological significance: he is fundamentally different than he had previously been and there was no way back, no way to reverse the change.
This is trauma.
We know that everything we do gets recorded in memory.
Everything. The record of everything Adam did was stored in his memory cells. The experience became physically recorded in the brain.
We also know that sudden, intense and stressful events cause the brain to overload a specific neural pathway and that pathway then becomes the normal route of processing all similar experiences. Again: the experience causes a physiological change that is permanent unless actively changed to re-diversify brain function.
We also know that through the process of cellular mitosis the genetic record contained in each and every cell eventually gets transferred to all cells, so the record of the "fall" (I'm not a big fan of the term and prefer to speak of Adam's disobedience), the record of his disobedience, the changes it caused
within him, and the consequences that ensued all got recorded in the brain's cells and eventually in every cell in his entire body.
We also now know that many psychological traits and conditions have a genetic basis.
We also know that two imperfect conditions do not normally combine to create a perfect condition. Two imperfect creatures do not procreate to create perfect progeny. The physiological (biological, neurological, genetic, etc.) effects of trauma are very real. Largely unknown outside the relevant scientific communities but very really and relevant. As our theologians become more informed about this our understanding of scripture will become better informed about the realities of Eden.
So we therefore have a biological basis for understanding what happened in Eden had a very serious, profound, and universal impact on humanity. The trauma of disobedience got recorded in the physiology of Adam
and Eve and then passed on to their progeny. Remember that sin is not solely about behavior; it is also about disposition and the inherent disposition of both Adam and Eve is cognitively, emotionally, volitionally, and physiologically imperfect. We also know the effects of Adam's disobedience had substantive and irreversible effects on his spiritual disposition, his relational disposition with God, self, others, and creation. We know he went from being the last good man to being "
dead in transgression" (I don't use the term "spiritually dead" because it is not a term scripture uses; what scripture describes is "transgressionally dead.").
So there is plenty of objective, scientifically repeatable and verifiable
evidence nowadays for understanding the effects of Adam's disobedience was and remains pervasive. This is, of course, not information unknown to the ancients or the ECFs when they formed our doctrines but God has known all along about all the effects of causation we finite humans slowly uncover as we plod through history.
Simply put: Adam and Eve became imperfect and that imperfection in all of its manifestations was passed on to their progeny. That doesn't have much to do with the classical definitions of "
imputed," but the physiology alone makes any assigning of legal "
guilt" moot. This is, admittedly, an unusual way to look at Genesis 3:7 but it is very real and unassailable.
(my apologies for the length of the post)