From a gene-culture evolutionary perspective, the recent rise in obesity rates around the Developed world is unprecedented; perhaps the most rapid population-scale shift in human phenotype ever to occur. Focusing on the recent rise of obesity and diabetes in the United States, we consider the...
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One thing that is clear in high-income countries is that, despite decades of economic growth
, obesity disproportionately affects the poor—the “poverty–obesity paradox” (Hruschka and Han,
2017).
The proportion of obese individuals in industrialized nations now correlates inversely with median household income. This phenomenon is called the “reverse gradient” because it is the reverse of the pattern in developing countries, where higher income correlates with higher body mass. In the United States and other developed countries, lower income households tend to have higher rates of obesity (Hruschka,
2012; Subramanian et al.,
2011). In 2015, over 35% of the population was obese in U.S. states where median household incomes were below $45,000 per year, whereas obesity was less than 25% of state populations where median incomes were above $65,000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2017c). Similarly in Europe today, poor individuals are 10% to 20% more likely to be obese (Salmasi and Celidon,
2017). This pattern is unique to Developed economies; within China, for example, an inverse correlation between income and obesity/diabetes is observed only in the most economically developed regions (Tafreschi,
2015).