Just a quick reply on this - the Roman Catholic Church did not come up with the title Theotokos. If you want to accuse any denomination of it, accuse us, the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, because Nestorius was Patriarch of Constantinople, he was supported by Patriarch John of Antioch, and he was opposed by Pope St. Cyril of Alexandria who was supported by the bishop of Rome, who at the time was not called Pope, St. Celestine, however, as usual in the case of the early Ecumenical councils, no Roman bishops were present, only representatives, and the support of St. Celestine only had the effect of preventing Nestorianism from spreading to the ultra-conservative Roman Church (which remained extremely conservative until Pope Leo I, the successor of St. Celestine, but did not begin to clash with the Eastern Orthodox until after the reign of Pope St. Gregory the Great, who is much loved in Eastern Orthodoxy.
So this was an issue that occurred in an Orthodox Church and was resolved by Orthodox bishops. It also predates the Chalcedonian schism, which occurred because the Oriental Orthodox were concerned that the Chalcedonian formula was too close to Nestorianism, and wanted to stick to the formula established by St. Cyril of Alexandria, and furthermore, there was the issue of Pope St. Dioscorus of Alexandria being deposed based on a false accusation by a crypto-Nestorian named Ibas, that he adhered to the heresy of Eutyches, when in fact he had realized Eutyches had lied to him and had anathematized Eutyches.
The Pope of Alexandria is a title used by both the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, both of which reject the doctrine of Papal Supremacy. In fact there was a legendary incident in the Coptic Orthodox Church where the Pope of Alexandria showed up to celebrate the Divine Liturgy with a local diocesan bishop, but the local bishop was late, having been unavoidably detained, so the Pope started the liturgy without him. This is a direct violation of the most ancient canons, the Apostolic Canons, which prevent bishops from intruding on the territory of another bishop, and celebrating the divine liturgy without the presence of the local bishop or his express consent to celebrate it in his absence in the event he was, for example, hospitalized and unable to conduct the liturgy, is strictly forbidden, and thus the Pope has no right to celebrate the liturgy outside of the Archdiocese of Alexandria. Thus, the local bishop took the Pope’s mitre (which at the time was probably of the type the Copts call an Emma, which is a turban with icons affixed to it) and stomped on it. The Pope accepted this rebuke. Needless to say it would result in bad things happening if a diocesan bishop in the Roman Catholic Church dared to stomp on the mitre of Pope Francis. He would probably be tackled by plain clothes agents of the Swiss Guard.
My Coptic Orthodox friend
@dzheremi can confirm the above.
Thus, Theotokos is a Greek word prescribed by Greek and Syriac and Coptic-speaking bishops of what became the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches (Pope St. Cyril had the liturgy translated into Coptic for the benefit of the native Egyptians; the Bible was already available in Coptic but having the worship in Coptic was of great benefit), at the Third Ecumenical Council, which is also the last one recognized as Ecumenical by the Oriental Orthodox, and this was in response to the Patriarch of Constantinople going off the rails. Patriarch John of Antioch was not deposed; he managed to interfere with St. Cyril but without actually committing Nestorianism and while keeping his job. The four main Orthodox patriarchates are those of New Rome (Constantinople), Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. Before the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholics became official in 1054, these four patriarchates, along with that of Old Rome (the Pope was also called the Patriarch of the West) were referred to as the Pentarchy. The autocephalous (independence) of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem is written into Canons 6 and 7 of the Council of Nicaea.
So to summarize, the roughly 250 Orthodox bishops and a couple of Roman legates at Ephesus deposed Nestorius and mandated the use of the Greek word Theotokos, with the agreement and support of the Roman church; these decisions were upheld at Chalcedon, albeit not to the satisfaction of the Oriental Orthodox, and Martin Luther and most other traditional Protestant leaders. agreed with the Council of Chalcedon and the status of the Virgin Mary as Theotokos, and traditional Protestants still do. So you cannot dismiss this as a Roman Catholic issue.
However, referring to St. Mary as Queen of Heaven is a Roman Catholic practice, although I find nothing objectionable in it.
