Your still missing the point of the research. There would be no moral reasoning if we did not have a moral sense to make morality matter that we should reason about it.
What do you mean by "moral sense"?
Are you talking about an emotional reaction to behavior?
Toddlers have a sense of justice and want just outcomes for others. That some situations require more complex reasoning doesn't change the fact that our basic moral sense which has to already be there causes us to seek that more complex justice. Without it there would be no justic and no morality.
I don't think morality is tied to justice. I don't think you think it's tied to justice. You cited the mafia as having a code of morality.
No complex moral situations have nothing to do with why morality matters in the first place. Basis means the moral sense.
Swapping out "basis" and "moral sense" doesn't really tell anyone what a moral sense is.
Its the reason why we are moral in the first place. Teens lack complex moral reasoning, some adults lack complex moral reasoning and some people such as with autism lack complex moral reasoning. But they still sense when somethings wrong. Complex reasoning and rationalisation may lead to deny morality. So rationality is not morality but rather an attempt to determine the facts around a moral.
I don't think you're reading your citation correctly.
I think the guy is saying that you have basic emotional reactions to behavior and then you post hoc rationalize a moral judgment onto it.
I also think he's wrong.
It is hard to conceive of a moral system that didn’t have, as a starting point, these empathetic capacities.
It's not that difficult. It's just a moral system he doesn't recognize.
As David Hume argued, mere rationality can’t be the foundation of morality, since our most basic desires are neither rational nor irrational.
No argument there.
To have a genuinely moral system, in other words, some things first have to matter, and what we see in babies is the development of mattering.
The Moral Life of Babies (Published 2010)
Or "assigning value".
The same moral 'Mattering' is found in adults.
The babies’ experiences might be cognitively empty but emotionally intense, replete with strong feelings and strong desires. But this shouldn’t strike you as an altogether alien experience: while we adults possess the additional critical capacity of being able to consciously reason about morality, we’re not otherwise that different from babies — our moral feelings are often instinctive.
The Moral Life of Babies (Published 2010)
So...moral feelings = emotions.
Yes empathy can even lead to acting immoral because its an emotion. But empathy as an emotion can also lead to being moral when it is tethered with justice, fairness, kindness, compassion and alturism which are not emotions but moral principles for which we make judgements over.
Those are all abstractions, not principles....except for compassion, that's an emotion.
A list of basic morals would include: An understanding that helping is morally good, and that harming, hindering, or otherwise thwarting the goals of another person is morally bad. A rudimentary sense of justice—an understanding that good guys should be rewarded and bad guys should be punished. An initial sense of fairness—in particular, that there should be an equal division of resources. And alongside these principles are moral emotions, including empathy, compassion, guilt, shame, and righteous anger.
The Moral Life of Babies
I can shorten this down to....
"I prefer preferred outcomes."
A worthless moral statement we can all agree to.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-moral-life-of-babies/
Yes as mentioned above empathy is not the moral but the sense of someone elses pain.
Well empathy is just trying to understand someone's feelings. It doesn't have to be pain.
That is what makes morality matter and causes us to want justice and kindness for others.
I don't really think that's the case.
People watch real murder stories, enjoy sad and terrifying movies, and watch professionals engage in physical combat for fun.
We seem to deeply enjoy awful things happening to people.
But justice for example is a moral principle for which we can make judgements about.
Justice is too abstract a concept, outside of any context, to call a principle.
That emotions that come with morality can trick us doesn't negate that it doesn't trick us when it comes to qualifying those emotions with moral principles.
There's that post hoc rationalization I mentioned.
If we are angry at someone and are unjust towards them as a result this goes against the moral principle that everyone deserves justice. That is why feelings alone cannot determine morality.
Interestingly, brain circuits that are involved in discerning another’s pain overlap brain circuits involved with moral reasoning, emotions, and decision making.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01863/full
Scientists know that certain compassionate feelings and impulses emerge early and apparently universally in human development. These are not moral concepts, exactly, but they seem closely related. One example is feeling pain at the pain of others.
The Moral Life of Babies (Published 2010)
I really enjoy imagining this guy stare at babies and saying "OK, so how does that make you feel?"
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/magazine/09babies-t.html
You have to remember as I keep pointing out for babies, toddlers and even adults our moral sense has nothing to do with rationality as far as reasoning out the facts or truth.
That's a weird thing to say after "identifying" justice as a "moral principle". Do you think justice is irrational?
Its just there, a sense or gut feelings some call intuition.
Yeah...emotions.
Otherwise those without a mental capacity to work out complex situations could never know morality. The sense comes first and that gives us reason to reason about moral situations.
Actually, what comes first is a social group.
Sorry I was waiting for your reply before I bothered. Anyway ehere we go
Scientists discover that atheists might not exist, and that’s not a joke
Cognitive scientists are becoming increasingly aware that a metaphysical outlook may be so deeply ingrained in human thought processes that it cannot be expunged.
Metaphysical thought processes are more deeply wired than hitherto suspected
www.science20.com
I knew those other atheists were faking!
In his account of atheism, Barrett argues that not believing in God presents people with a number of challenges to the natural cognitive capacities of our minds that must be deliberately overcome. The capacities that are challenged by atheistic belief are a system he calls ‘‘hypersensitive agent detection device’’ (HADD),
It's funny he says that has to be "overcome".
theory of mind, moral realism, dealing with death and overcoming native creationism. These are claimed to be intuitive cognitive systems or mechanisms which theism has no problems with but which atheism must deal with. Furthermore, atheists must stage their struggle on the basis of articulated, reflective beliefs which are much less direct and automatic than the unreflective beliefs generated by the intuitive cognitive systems (Barrett, 2004, pp. 109–112).
http://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.religion.2009.11.003?needAccess=true
This is absolutely true...and if I can't be blamed for my atheism....then certainly god won't be punishing my soul for it.
Isn't that similar to why we have law and order because adults cannot always sort out their disputes despite being adults with a more mature disposition. Just because toddlers need help with most things doesn't mean they don't have a sense of morality. Your making logical fallacies.
The fact is toddlers can make moral judgements and then intervene such as ensuring subjects in the tests are equally treated, that justice is served and even more interesting that the bad guy is punished. This may be quite rudimentary in their behaviours such as helping the helper share things, giving the helper a clap or big smile which ignoring and being upset when the bad guy gets away with it. But these same judgements and rudimemntary acts are what become the adult moral behaviour but just more sophisticated and agile.
The doc is doing a lot of creative interpretation here.