he-man
he-man
:o I guess you must know more than (Joseph. Ant. xviii. 1, § 3; cf. Otho, Lex. Rabb. s. vv.), of the Fathers generally (Tert. de Animd, c. Iv. ; Jerome in Eccl. iii.; Just. Mart. Dial. c. Tryph. § 105, &c. ; see Pearson on Creed, Art. v.), and of many moderns (Trench on the Parables, p. 467; Alford on Luke xvi. 23). Who says: This was the belief of the Jews after the exileAs I have shown the Jews, long before any contact with Greeks, believed in a place of unending punishment, they called that place both hades and Gehenna. Nothing Jesus said contradicted or dispelled that belief.
Elsewhere in the N. T. Hades is used of a place of torment (Luke xvi. 23; 2 Pet. ii. 4; Matt, xi. 23, Ac). Consequently it has been the prevalent, almost the universal, notion that Hades is an intermediaie state between death and resurrection, divided into two parts, one the abode of the blessed and the other of the lost.
This was the belief of the Jews after the exile, who gave to the places the names of Paradise and Gehenna (Joseph. Ant. xviii. 1, § 3; cf. Otho, Lex. Rabb. s. vv.), of the Fathers generally (Tert. de Animd, c. Iv. ; Jerome in Eccl. iii.; Just. Mart. Dial. c. Tryph. § 105, &c. ; see Pearson on Creed, Art. v.), and of many moderns (Trench on the Parables, p. 467;
Alford on Luke xvi. 23).
In holding this view, main reliance is placed on the parable of Dives and Lazarus; but it is impossible to ground the proof of an important theological doctrine on a passage which confessedly abounds in Jewish metaphors.
" Theologia pai-aboUca non est demonstrativa " is a rule too valuable to be forgotten ; and if we are to turn rhetoric into logic, and build a dogma on every metaphor, our belief will be of a vague and contradictory character. Dogmatism on this topic appears to be peculiarly misplaced.
HELL. This is the word generally and unfortunately used by our translators to render the Hebrew Sheol ( sheol), or (vWE7) : "αιδης, and once θανατος, 2 Sam. xxii. 6 : Inferi or Inferna, or sometimes Mors).
We say unfortunately, because — although, as St. Augustine truly asserts, Sheol, with its equivalents Inferi and Hades, are never used in a good sense (De Gen. ad Lit. xii. 33), yet —the English word Hell is mixed up with numberless associations entirely foreign to the minds of
the ancient Hebrews.
It would perhaps have been better to retain the Hebrew word Sheol, or else render it always by " the grave " or " the pit."
Ewald accepts Luther's word Holle; even Untewelt, which is suggested by De Wette, involves conceptions too human for the purpose. Passing over the derivations suggested by older writers, it is now generally agreed that the word
comes from the root (7Sti7), "to make hollow" (comp. Germ. Holle, "hell," with Hohle, "a hollow "), and therefore means the vast hollow subterranean resting-place which is the common receptacle of the dead (Ges. Thes. p. 1348; Bottcher, de Inferis, c. iv. p. 137 fF.; Ewald, ad Ps. p. 42).
It is deep (Job xi. 8) and dark (Job x. 21, 22), in the
centre of the earth (Num. xvi. 30; Deut. xxxii. 22), having within it depths on depths (Prov. ix. 18), and fastened with gates (Is. xxxviii. 10) and bars (Job xvii. 16).
Some have fancied (as Jahn, Arch. Bibl. § 203, Eng. ed.) that the Jews, like the Greeks, believed in infernal rivers: thus Clemens Alex, defines Gehenna as " a river of fire " (Fragm. 38), and expressly compares it to the fiery rivers of Tartarus (Strom, v. 14, 92); and TertuUian says that it was supposed to resemble Pyriphlegethon (Apolog. cap. xlvii.).
The notion, however, is not found in Scripture, for Ps. xviii. 5 is a mere metaphor.
It is clear that in many passages of the O. T. Sheol can only mean " the grave," and is so rendered in the A. V. (see, for example, Gen. xxxvii. 35, xlii. 38; 1 Sam. ii. 6; Job xiv. 13). In other passages, however, it seems to involve a notion of punishment, and is therefore rendered in the A. V.
by the word " Hell."
But in many cases this translation misleads the reader. It is obvious, for instance, that Job xi. 8; Ps. cxxxix. 8; Am. ix. 2 (where " hell " is used as the antithesis of "heaven"), merely illustrate the Jewish notion of the locality of Sheol in the bowels of the earth. Even Ps. ix. 17, Prov. xv. 24, v. 5, ix. 18, seem to refer rather to the danger of terrible and precipitate death than to a place of infernal anguish.
In the N. T. the word Hades (like Sheol) sometimes
means merely "the grave" (Rev. xx. 13; Acts ii. 31; 1 Cor. xv. 55), or in general "the unseen world." It is in this sense that the creeds say of our Lord κατηλθεν εν αδη orεις αδου, descendit ad inferos, or inferna, meaning " the state
of the dead in general, without any restriction of happiness or misery" (Beveridge on Art. iii.), a doctrine certainly, though only virtually, expressed in Scripture (Eph. iv. 9; Acts ii. 25-31).
Similarly Josephus uses Hades as the name of the place
whence the soul of Samuel was evoked (Ant. vi. 14,HELL)
DR. WILLIAM SMITH'S DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE
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