Prove it? Well shucks!
I'll give a sorta-updated, physics-based riff on good old Tommy Aquinas here.
Given:
1. the law of conservation of energy
2. the second law of thermodynamics
3. the continuing observable increase in entropy in the universe
4. from what we know of causation, things do not cause themselves to be. (In order to do so, something would have to have causal power during a time at which it does not exist)
From 1, 2 and 3....
5. the universe has a finite previous history (i.e. the timeline of this universe only goes back so far.. there's a beginning to the universe, in other words.)
From 4 and 5....
6. Something other than the universe caused the universe to be at some point in the past a finite time before now.
7. We'll call this cause God.
Where this gets thorny is that physics may or may not be proving out #4. There's virtual particles and other quantum weirdness to consider. It's a bit sticky whether they cause themselves. I say no, as they're not capable of causing anything until the actually exist in the first place. If we allow things that don't exist to be causing things willy-nilly in our metaphysics, then Pegasus might steal my identity and commit credit fraud in my name.
What will you say to me? Why... this!!
What causes mass? I don't know. I will call it the Higgs Boson.
I admit that the unmoved mover doesn't do well to give you a full picture of God. All it does is say that there is something that caused the universe to be. That's a far cry from the god or gods of any particular religion.
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