Can anyone explain, in layman's terms, the significance and to what extent local synods are authorized to operate? I find the subject a bit confusing.
In the early Church synods were a common way for local disputes to be settled, and were a sort of mini-Council, which was of course the guiding governmental event of the early Church. A government which conceives of Councils as the highest authority--even above the Pope--is called Conciliarism. The alternative is called Papalism. After the Great Schism Rome started to push in a papalist direction, but the Great Western Schism and the Council of Constance brought with them a resurgence of Conciliarism in the West. There were ebbs and flows of Conciliarism and Papalism at least until the 19th century. At that time the Church moved in a papalist direction largely due to political and cultural events (e.g. French Revolution, Modernism, etc.). This was cemented with the defeat of Conciliarism at the First Vatican Council. In the mid-20th century we saw a shift in the other direction which culminated at the Second Vatican Council, a council which promoted the authority of the local bishop and a collegiality that is now slowly growing into 'synodality'. I think it is fair to say that there was a shift towards Conciliarism, but since full-blooded Conciliarism was rendered obsolete at the First Vatican Council we remain in a sort of middle position that leans towards Papalism (especially after the pontificate of John Paul II).
Local synods were active until the First Vatican Council but vanished soon after. A central question of Vatican II was the collegiality of bishops and how that collegiality is exercised. The topic was given short shrift and pulled from the docket by Pope Paul VI after the death of Pope John XXXIII. The existence of a collegial principle was affirmed in
Lumen Gentium and
Christus Dominus, but the nature and exercise of collegiality was never really addressed by the Council (as this is a thorny issue and brings back the spectre of Conciliarism).
"Synodality" is what rose up out of that when John Paul II
implemented the
desire of the Council. Yet since Vatican I, no synod has had more than advisory or consultative power. The Pope is sovereign over all synods, and he is usually the one that calls synods into existence. At the same time, Francis seems to be interested in a stronger synodal governance than his predecessors were comfortable with, and episcopal collegiality really ought to be more than merely consultative. As for the synod in Germany, it is still consultative, and the Vatican has affirmed this, but the Germans obviously don't agree with that and no one is quite sure how it will all cash out. There are serious ecclesiological disagreements at stake.
So in layman's terms: "Synods are authorized to operate in a capacity that is consultative and advisory to the Pope, who retains the final decision regarding any determinations."
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Synodality in the Life and Mission of the Church