I am Catholic, so I will put in my nickel's worth. (Due to inflation. two cents are not enough anymore.)
No, the Church has not replaced Israel.
First, only Israel was the chosen people of God. Now, in New Testament times all people who profess Christ regardless of nationality or genealogy are members of the chosen people of God.
We non-Jews simply join together with the original Jews who had professed Christ. We non-Jews joined them!
1 Corinthians 12:13
For by one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—whether Jews or Greeks, whether slaves or free—and have all been made to drink into one Spirit.
Galatians 3:28
There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.
Colossians 3:11
where there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcised nor uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave
nor free, but Christ
is all and in all.
There is now no distinction. We who profess Christ, whether Jew or non-Jew, are members of the
people of God.
JEWS:
Romans 11:1
I say then, has God cast away His people? Certainly not! For I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham,
of the tribe of Benjamin.
GENTILES:
1 Peter 2:9-10
But you
are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation,
His own special people, that you may proclaim the praises of Him who called you out of darkness into His marvelous light; 10
who once were not a people but are now the people of God, who had not obtained mercy but now have obtained mercy.