I have been watching many TV programes over the Christmas period based on the history of the christian church and one of the things that comes up in most of these shows is that at one time in the church there was over 80 books of scripture...
Im not saying that the bishops that compiled the new testament where wrong to reject these books and not put them into the new testament. Im just interested in whether you would read them, given the chance.
Firstly, the bishops did not "compile the new testament" in the way that is often depicted. I've heard people say that the bishops got together at Niceae and "came up with" the canon of the New Testament. It wasn't like some group of old guys got together in a back room and decided "Luke is in, but the Gospel of Thomas is out." This did not happen.
We have their writings outlining the discussion, and their understanding of what was and was not canonical. In truth, the early Church was already in agreement about 90 percent of the books of the New Testament canon by about 200 AD, because they had to clarify the canon against the claims of the heretic Marcion. He came up with a heretical canon of his own, which forced the early Church to define their canon against his heresy.
The first, and strongest criteria, is authorship. If the book was clearly and definitively written by an apostle of Christ, or the follower of an apostle, it was considered authoritiative. By the time of Eusebius (around 300), the possible books were divided into
- "accepted writings" (the gospels, Acts, the letters of Paul, Peter, and John),
- "disputed writings" (Romans, Hebrews, Second Peter, Second and Third John, and Revelation were some of these. This category also included the Didache, the Shepherd of Hermas, and the Apocalypse of Peter, which were used by the Church for edification, but were not considered to be authoritative enough to be part of the canon), and
- "heretical books" (the gnostic writings and other heretical books like Gospel of Peter, Gospel of Thomas, and the Acts of Andrew).
I've read some of the disputed books that were not authoritative. I've also read some of the gnostic gospels and other heretical texts. I have no problem reading almost anything, as long as I know what its doctrinal bent is. But one should NOT read them thinking that they are books that were "as good as the Gospels, but just didn't make it into the New Testament for political reasons." That's just not how it worked. It's not that the ECFs didn't know about them. It's that they were not authoritative, or they were downright heretical.
I thank God that we have the scholarship and archeological know-how to find and study these ancient texts today. They help paint a more vivid picture of the life of the early Church and the questions and struggles it faced.
But we must never confuse the availability of these texts with the authority of Scripture alone to reveal and clarify God's will and work in the world.