The nineteenth century was a period of religious controversy and Friends were not immune. In the 1820s, differences about doctrine and disciplinary practices resulted in a schism which split most of the yearly meetings in North America. Both sides maintained that they represented the ancient testimonies of the Society of Friends. The labels generally used to differentiate the two branches are "Hicksite" and "Orthodox". The term Hicksite refers to Elias Hicks, a well known Quaker from Jerico, Long Island, whose liberal views troubled the Orthodox Friends. Hicksite Friends were worried that there Orthodox brethren were trying to enforce too much uniformity of belief and that they were trying to write a creed for Quakerism. Orthodox Friends were worried that some of their Hicksite brethren were straying into unbelief and deism. The Orthodox interpreted the writings of William Penn, Robert Barclay, George Fox and other early Friends as firmly within the Christian, i.e. Protestant, tradition. In short, the Orthodox saw the Hicksites become Universalists and Unitarians, and the Hicksites saw the Orthodox as Presbyterians and Episcopalians in Quaker clothing.