Lust
2121 [FONT="]ἐ[/FONT]πιθυμέω (epithymeō

: vb.; ≡ Str 1937; TDNT 3.1681. LN 25.12 desire greatly, long for, desire (Mt 13:17; Lk 15:16; 16:21; 17:22; 22:15; 1Ti 3:1; Heb 6:11; 1Pe 1:12; Rev 9:6+); 2. LN 25.20 lust, covet, an evil desire (Mt 5:28; Ac 20:33; Ro 7:7; 13:9; 1Co 10:6; Gal 5:17; Jas 4:2+) (Swanson, J. (1997). Dictionary of Biblical Languages with Semantic Domains : Greek (New Testament) (DBLG 2121, #2).)
Lust
Usage Number: A-1
Part Of Speech: Noun
Strong's Number: <G1939>
Original Word: [FONT="]ἐ[/FONT]πιθυμ[FONT="]ί[/FONT]α, epithymia
Usage Notes: denotes "strong desire" of any kind, the various kinds being frequently specified by some adjective (see below). The word is used of a good desire only in Luke 22:15; Phil. 1:23; 1 Thess. 2:17. Everywhere else it has a bad sense. In Rom. 6:12 the injunction against letting sin reign in our mortal body to obey the "lust" thereof, refers to those evil desires which are ready to express themselves in bodily activity. They are equally the "lusts" of the flesh, Rom. 13:14; Gal. 5:16, 24; Eph. 2:3; 2 Pet. 2:18; 1 John 2:16, a phrase which describes the emotions of the soul, the natural tendency towards things evil. Such "lusts" are not necessarily base and immoral, they may be refined in character, but are evil if inconsistent with the will of God.
Other descriptions besides those already mentioned are: "of the mind," Eph. 2:3; "evil (desire)," Col. 3:5; "the passion of," 1 Thess. 4:5, RV; "foolish and hurtful," 1 Tim. 6:9; "youthful," 2 Tim. 2:22; "divers," 2 Tim. 3:6; Titus 3:3; "their own," 2 Tim. 4:3; 2 Pet. 3:3; Jude 1:16; "worldly," Titus 2:12; "his own," Jas. 1:14; "your former," 1 Pet. 1:14, RV; "fleshly," 1 Pet. 2:11; "of men," 1 Pet. 4:2; "of defilement," 2 Pet. 2:10; "of the eyes," 1 John 2:16; of the world ("thereof"), 1 John 2:17; "their own ungodly," Jude 1:18. In Rev. 18:14 "(the fruits) which thy soul lusted after" is, lit., "of thy soul's lust." See DESIRE, A, No. 1 (where associated words are noted).
Usage Number: A-2
Part Of Speech: Noun
Strong's Number: <G3715>
Original Word: [FONT="]ὄ[/FONT]ρεξις, orexis
Usage Notes: lit., "a reaching" or "stretching after" (akin to oregomai, "to stretch oneself out, reach after"), a general term for every kind of desire, is used in Rom. 1:27, "lust."
Usage Number: A-3
Part Of Speech: Noun
Strong's Number: <G2237>
Original Word: [FONT="]ἡ[/FONT]δον[FONT="]ή[/FONT], hēdonē
Usage Notes: "pleasure," is translated "lusts," in the AV of Jas. 4:1, 3 (RV, "pleasure"). See PLEASURE.
Note: In 1 Thess. 4:5, AV, pathos, "passion" (RV, "passion"), is translated "lust," which is the better rendering of the next word epithymia, rendered "concupiscence." Pathos is described by Trench as "the diseased condition out of which epithymia springs." In 1 Cor. 12:6: epithymētēs, a luster after, is rendered "to lust."
Usage Number: B-1
Part Of Speech: Verb
Strong's Number: <G1937>
Original Word: [FONT="]ἐ[/FONT]πιθυμ[FONT="]έ[/FONT]ω, epithymeō
Usage Notes: akin to A, No. 1, has the same twofold meaning as the noun, namely (a) "to desire," used of the Holy Spirit against the flesh, Gal. 5:17 (see below); of the Lord Jesus, Luke 22:15, "I have desired;" of the holy angels, 1 Pet. 1:12; of good men, for good things, Matt. 13:17; 1 Tim. 3:1; Heb. 6:11; of men, for things without moral quality, Luke 15:16; Luke 16:21; Luke 17:22; Rev. 9:6; (b) of "evil desires," in respect of which it is translated "to lust" in Matt. 5:28; 1 Cor. 10:6; Gal. 5:17 (1st part; see below); Jas. 4:2; to covet, Acts 20:23; Rom. 7:7; Rom. 13:9. See COVET, DESIRE, B, No. 2.
Notes: (1) In Gal. 5:17, in the statement, "the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh," the Holy Spirit is intended, as in the preceding verse. To walk by the Spirit involves the opposition here referred to. The verb "lusteth" is not repeated in the second part of the statement, but must in some way be supplied. Since in modern English the word "lust" is used exclusively in a bad sense, it is unsuitable as a translation of epithymeō, where the word is used in a good sense. As the rendering "desire" is used of the Lord Jesus (as mentioned above), it may be best so understood here in respect of the Holy Spirit.
(2) In James 4:5 the RV translates correctly in giving two questions, each of a rhetorical character, asked by way of remonstrance. The first draws attention to the fact that it is impossible for the Scripture to speak in vain; the second to the impossibility that the Holy Spirit, whom God has caused to dwell in the believer, should "long (unto envying)," epipotheō (AV, "lust"). Here again, not the human spirit is in view, but the Spirit of God; cp. 1 Cor. 6:19. See LONG.
Vine's Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words
LUST
Contents:
1. The Old Testament Use
2. The New Testament Use
LUST
(5 Hebrew and 5 Greek words are so rendered, namely: (1) ‏נֶפֶשׁ‎, nephesh, (2) ‏שְׁרִירוּת‎, sherīrūth, (3) ‏תַּאֲוָה‎, taʾăwāh, (4) ‏חָמַד‎, ḥāmadh, (5) ‏אָוָה‎, āwāh; (1) [FONT="]ἐ[/FONT]πιθνμ[FONT="]ί[/FONT]α, epithumía, (2) [FONT="]ἡ[/FONT]δον[FONT="]ή[/FONT], hēdoné, (3) [FONT="]ἐ[/FONT]πιποθ[FONT="]έ[/FONT]ω, epipothéō, (4) [FONT="]ὄ[/FONT]ρεξις, órexis, (5) π[FONT="]ά[/FONT]θος, páthos): The word both as verb and as substantive has a good and a bad meaning. It probably meant at first a strong desire, a craving, abnormal appetite, not only for physical but for spiritual satisfaction. It has come, however, to be confined in its use almost entirely to the bad sense. Some old translations are not accepted now, the word being used in connections which at present seem almost irreverent. Shades of meaning are learned from an examination of the Hebrew and Greek originals.
1. The Old Testament Use:
The substantive and verbs are: (1) Nephesh, in Exodus 15:9 and Psalm 78:18 translated "desire"; "My desire shall be satisfied"; "by asking food according to their desire." A strong but not sensual sense. (2) Sherīrūth, meaning "obstinacy," evil imagination. Yahweh said (Psalm 81:12), "I let them go after the stubbornness of their heart," a willful self-satisfaction. (3) Taăwāh, "a delight" "a longing satisfaction," and so it came to mean "sinful pleasure." Translated in Psalm 78:30, "that which they desired," intensely longed for, referring to Yahweh's provision of food in the wilderness. Also in Numbers 11:4 concerning "flesh to eat" it is said the multitude "lusted exceedingly" i.e. "craved eagerly. (4) Ḥāmadh, the verb meaning "to delight in," "greatly belove," "covet," probably for evil purposes. The young man is warned against the evil woman (Proverbs 6:25): "Lust not after her beauty." Here the bad sense is evident, for in the same connection are used such expressions as "harlot," "adulteress," "evil woman." (5) Āwāh, meaning "greatly to desire," long after, with undue emphasis, with evil spirit though not perhaps with impure thought. In Numbers 11:34 reference is made to a place called ḳibhrōth ha-taăwāh, "the graves of lust, where "they buried the people that lusted." Psalm 106:14 also refers to the Israelites who "lusted exceedingly." Translated in Deut. 12:15, 21 "desire of thy soul"; Deut. 12:20; Deut. 14:26, "thy soul desireth." These Deuteronomy passages evidently mean lust only in the good sense.
2. The New Testament Use:
As in the Old Testament, so in the New Testament we find both meanings of the word. (1) Epithumia is used most frequently, and means a longing for the unlawful, hence, concupiscence, desire, lust. The following references hold the idea, not only of sinful desire known as "fleshly," "worldly," as opposed to "spiritual" "heavenly," "the will of man" as opposed to "the will of God," but also the sensual desire connected with adultery, fornication; verb in Matthew 5:28; Mark 4:19; John 8:44; Romans 1:24; 1 Cor. 10:6; Galatians 5:16-17, 24; Titus 2:12; 1 Peter 1:14; 1 John 2:16f; Jude 1:16-18; Rev. 18:14. (2) Hēdonē, delight in sensuality, hence, wicked pleasures; translated in James 4:1, 3 "pleasures": "Your pleasures that war in your members"; "Ye ask amiss, that ye may spend it in your pleasures" (the King James Version "lust"). (3) Epipotheō means to crave intensely the wrong possession; translated in James 4:5 "long (the King James Version "lusteth") unto envying." (4) Orexis, used in Romans 1:27, from context evidently meaning "lust" in the worst sense; translated "lust." (5) Pathos, meaning "passion" inordinate affection, with the idea in it of suffering; translated in 1 Thes. 4:5 "passion of lust."
William Edward Raffety, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
cont