Jewish suffering - reference calendar

[Heber]

A Litany of Jewish Suffering:​

I have tried to reformat the posts to line them up better but it hasn't worked entirely. Basically the relevant date is followed by the event.​

70 A.D.

: The Roman Army destroyed Jerusalem, killed over 1 million Jews, took about​

100,000 into slavery and captivity, and scattered many from Palestine to other
locations in the Roman Empire.

113​

: Jews in Cyprus, Cyrene, Egypt and Mesopotamia revolted against the Roman
Empire. This caused "the death of several hundreds of thousands of Romans and
Jews." Judaism was no longer recognized as a legal religion.

115​

: Nearly 1 million Jew were massacred by Greeks in Alexandria, Egypt.

124​

: Hadrian banned Jewish religious observance and deported millions of Jews from
Israel to North Africa.

132​

: Bar Kochba led a hopeless three-year revolt against the Roman Empire. Many
Jews had accepted him as the Messiah. About a half-million Jews were killed;
thousands were sold into slavery or taken into captivity. The rest were exiled from
Palestine and scattered throughout the known world, adding to what is now called the

"Diaspora."​

135​

: Serious Roman persecution of the Jews began. They were forbidden, upon pain
of death, from practicing circumcision, reading the Torah, eating unleavened bread at
Passover, etc. A temple dedicated to the Roman pagan god Jupiter was erected on
temple mountain in Jerusalem. A temple of Venus was built on Golgotha, just outside the city.

200​

: Roman Emperor Severus forbade religious conversions to Judaism.

306
: The church Synod of Elvira banned marriages, sexual intercourse and community​

contacts between Christians and Jews.

315​

: Constantine published the Edict of Milan which extended religious tolerance to
Christians. Jews lost many rights with this edict. They were no longer permitted to
live in Jerusalem, or to proselytize.

325​

: The Council of Nicea decided to separate the celebration of Easter from the
Jewish Passover. They stated: "For it is unbecoming beyond measure that on this
holiest of festivals we should follow the customs of the Jews. Henceforth let us have
nothing in common with this odious people...We ought not, therefore, to have

anything in common with the Jews...our worship follows a...more convenient​

course...we desire dearest brethren, to separate ourselves from the detestable​

company of the Jews...How, then, could we follow these Jews, who are almost

certainly blinded."​

337​

: Christian Emperor Constantius created a law which made the marriage of a
Jewish man to a Christian punishable by death.

339
: Converting to Judaism became a criminal offense.​

343-381
: The Laodicean Synod approved Cannon XXXVIII: "It is not lawful [for​

Christians] to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their
impiety."

351​

: Gallus, Roman ruler of the east, lead a campaign against Jews remaining in
Israel.

363​

: After the death of Emperor Julian, Christians attacked the Jews of Israel.

367 - 376​

: St. Hilary of Poitiers referred to Jews as a perverse people who God has
cursed forever. St. Ephroem refers to synagogues as brothels.








379-395

: Emperor Theodosius the Great permitted the destruction of synagogues if it​

served a religious purpose. Christianity became the state religion of the Roman
Empire at this time.

380​

: The bishop of Milan was responsible for the burning of a synagogue; he referred
to it as "an act pleasing to God."

395​

: Jews were expelled from Alexandria by Christian authorities.

415
: The Bishop of Alexandria, St. Cyril, expelled the Jews from that Egyptian city.​

415​

: St. Augustine wrote "The true image of the Hebrew is Judas Iscariot, who sells
the Lord for silver. The Jew can never understand the Scriptures and forever will
bear the guilt for the death of Jesus."

418​

: St. Jerome, who created the Vulgate translation of the Bible wrote of a
synagogue: "If you call it a brothel, a den of vice, the Devil's refuge, Satan's fortress,
a place to deprave the soul, an abyss of every conceivable disaster or whatever you
will, you are still saying less than it deserves."

474​

: All the synagogues of Babylon were closed.

489 - 519​

: Christian mobs destroyed the synagogues in Antioch, Daphne (near
Antioch) and Ravenna

528​

: Emperor Justinian (527-564) passed the Justinian Code. It prohibited Jews from
building synagogues, reading the Bible in Hebrew, assembling in public, celebrating
Passover before Easter, and testifying against Christians in court.

535​

: Emperor Justinian I ordered the closing of all synagogues, forced conversions and
other repressive decrees against the Jews.

535​

: The "Synod of Claremont decreed that Jews could not hold public office or have
authority over Christians."

538​

: The 3rd and 4th Councils of Orleans prohibited Jews from appearing in public
during the Easter season. Canon XXX decreed that "From the Thursday before Easter
for four days, Jews may not appear in the company of Christians." Marriages
between Christians and Jews were prohibited. Christians were prohibited from

converting to Judaism.​

561​

: The bishop of Uzes expelled Jews from his diocese in France.

576​

: Five hundred Jews of Cleremont-Ferrand in France were forced to convert.

582​

: Frankish King Chilperic forced many Jews to convert.

613
: Very serious persecution began in Spain. Jews were given the options of either​

leaving Spain or converting to Christianity. Jewish children over 6 years of age were
taken from their parents and given a Christian education

629​

: The Byzantine Empire conquered Israel and killed or expelled many Jews.

661
: Muslims built a mosque on the site of the Jerusalem Temple.​

692
: Cannnon II of the Quinisext Council stated: "Let no one in the priestly order nor​

any layman eat the unleavened bread of the Jews, nor have any familiar intercourse
with them, nor summon them in illness, nor receive medicines from them, nor bathe
with them; but if anyone shall take in hand to do so, if he is a cleric, let him be

deposed, but if a layman, let him be cut off."​

694​

: The 17th Church Council of Toledo, Spain defined Jews as the serfs of the
prince. This was based, in part, on the beliefs by Chrysostom, Origen, Jerome, and
other Church Fathers that God punished the Jews with perpetual slavery because of
their responsibility for the execution of Jesus.

722​

: Leo III outlawed Judaism. Jews were baptized against their will.

850
: Jews of Iraq were required to wear a yellow patch.​

 

[Heber]

855

: Jews were exiled from Italy​

932​

: Forced conversions and massacres of Jews took place in Italy.

1004​

: Muslims burned down synagogues and forced Jews to convert in Israel.

1012​

: Jews were forced to convert in Mainz, Germany.

1013​

: Many Jews were killed by Berbers in Spain.

1035​

: Six thousand Jews were massacred in Fez, Morroco.

1050:​

The Synod of Narbonne prohibited Christians from living in the homes of Jews.

1066​

: Four thousand Jews were massacred in Granada.

1078​

: "Pope Gregory VII decreed that Jews could not hold office or be superiors to
Christians." The Synod of Gerona forced Jews to pay church taxes

1096​

: The First Crusade was launched in this year. Although the prime goal of the
crusades was to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims, Jews were a second target. As
the soldiers passed through Europe on the way to the Holy Land, large numbers of

Jews were challenged: "Christ-killers, embrace the Cross or die!" 12,000 Jews in the

Rhine Valley alone were killed in the first Crusade. This behavior continued for 8
additional crusades until the 9th in 1272.​

1099​

: During the First Crusade, crusaders forced all Jews in Jerusalem into a
synagogue which they then set on fire. Those who tried to escape were forced back
into the burning building. The Christian “Kingdom of Jerusalem’ was established.

1121​

: Jews were exiled from Flanders (now part of present-day Belgium)

1130
: Some Jews in London allegedly killed a sick man. The Jewish people in the city​

were required to pay 1 million marks as compensation.

1144​

: The first recorded blood libel took place. Jews in Norwich, England were
accused of drinking Christian blood at Passover.

1146​

: The Second Crusade began. A French Monk, Rudolf, called for the destruction
of the Jews.

1147​

: The Second Crusade attacked Jewish communities in their path.

1179​

: Canon 24 of the Third Lateran Council stated: "Jews should be slaves to
Christians and at the same time treated kindly due of humanitarian considerations."
Canon 26 stated that "the testimony of Christians against Jews is to be preferred in

all causes where they use their own witnesses against Christians."​

1180​

: The French King of France, Philip Augustus, arbitrarily seized all Jewish
property and expelled the Jews from the country. There was no legal justification for
this action. They were allowed to sell all movable possessions, but their land and

houses were stolen by the king.​

1181​

: Another blood libel occurred in St. Edmund, England. Many Jews were held for
ransom in Paris.

1182​

: Jews were expelled from some parts of France.

1189​

: Jews were massacred in London. The Crown claimed all Jewish possessions.
Most of their houses were burned.

1190​

: Jews across Europe were massacred in the Third Crusade.

1192​

: A blood libel took place in Winchester, England.

1196​

: Fifteen Jews were killed in Vienna by Crusaders.

1197​

: Many Jews were killed in Neuss, France.

1205​

: Pope Innocent III wrote to the archbishops of Sens and Paris that "the Jews, by
their own guilt, are consigned to perpetual servitude because they crucified the
Lord...As slaves rejected by God, in whose death they wickedly conspire, they shall
by the effect of this very action, recognize themselves as the slaves of those whom

Christ's death set free..."​

1206​

: Some Jews were killed or expelled in Halle, Germany.

1209​

: Two hundred Jews were killed in Beziers, Provence. Jews were imprisoned for
ransom in England on order of the king.

1215​

: The Fourth Lateran Council approved canon laws requiring that "Jews and
Muslims shall wear a special dress." They also had to wear a badge in the form of a
ring. This was to enable them to be easily distinguished from Christians. This practice

later spread to other countries.​

1216​

: Pope Innocent III ordered the Jews to wear a badge in order to distinguish
them.

1221​

: Many Jews were killed in Erfurt, Germany. Jews of Italy and Sicily were
ordered to wear blue badges.

1225​

: Jews were expelled from Cremona and Pavia, Northern Italy.

1227​

: The Synod of Narbonne required Jews to wear an oval badge. This requirement
was reinstalled during the 1930's by Hitler, who changed the oval badge to a Star of
David.

1229​

: The Spanish inquisition starts. Later, in 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorizes the
use of torture by the Inquisitors.

1230​

: Jews of Wiener-Neustadt, Austria were attacked for 11 days. Many Jews were
killed or forced to convert in Astorga, Spain.

1232​

: Jews were massacred in Marakesh, Morocco.

1236
: Pope Gregory ordered that church leaders in England, France, Portugal and​

Spain confiscate Jewish books on the first Saturday of Lent. Two thousand five
hundred Jews were killed in France.

1240​

: Pope Gregory IX ordered burning of Talmud and other Jewish books. Jews were
expelled from Brittany, France.

1241​

: Most Jews of Frankfurt Am Main were massacred and the Jewish quarter was
destroyed. Many Jews were killed in Bohemia by invading Tartars. Jews in Christian
Spain were forced to attend conversion sermons.

1242​

: Twenty-four wagons loaded with copies of Talmud and other Jewish books were
burned in Paris.

1243
: Jews of Belitz, Germany were burned to death in first recorded libel of ritual​

desecration (desecrating of the ‘host’ of communion).

1244​

: Pope Innocent IV ordered more burnings of Talmud.

1247​

: Many Jews were killed or forced to convert to Islam in Meknes, Morocco.

1250​

: Jews of Tunisia were required to wear a badge by Muslim rulers.

1255​

: Many prominent Jews of England were killed after another blood libel in
Lincoln.

1257​

: Jew of Rome were required to wear badges. In 1259, Jews of Mainz, Germany
were required to do the same.

1259:​

A "synod of the archdiocese in Mainz ordered Jews to wear yellow badges."

1261​

: Duke Henry III of Brabant, Belgium, stated in his will that "Jews...must be
expelled from Brabant and totally annihilated so that not a single one remains,
except those who are willing to trade, like all other tradesmen, without

money, lending and usury.​

 

[Heber]

1264

: Jews of Arnstadt, Germany were attacked and massacred .


1267​

: The Synod of Vienna ordered Jews to wear horned hats. Thomas Aquinas said

that Jews should live in perpetual servitude.

1269​

: Jews of Poland, Austria, and Silesia were required to wear special hats.

1275​

: Jews of Worcester, England were expelled.

1277​

: Jews of Pamplona, Spain were attacked and their houses burned.

1278​

: Pope Nicholas III ordered Jews to attend conversion sermons.

1281​

: Jew were killed after another blood libel in Mainz, Germany.

1283​

: Another blood libel took place in Mainz and one in Bacharach, Germany. Many

Jews were killed in the ensuing massacre.

1288​

: Jews were expelled from Anjou and LeMans, France.

1290​

: Jew were expelled from England. About 16,000 left the country. Jews of

Naples, Bari and other cities in southern Italy were massacred or underwent forced

baptism.​

1294​

: Some Jews were killed, the rest expelled from Berne, Switzerland.

1298​

: As many as 100,000 Jews were massacred over the course of a few years in

Germany during the Rindfleish massacres. Jews were massacred in Wiener-Neustadt,

Ifhauben, and Morgentheim, Austria and Wurzburg and Bischofsheim, Germany. Jews
were persecuted in Austria, Bavaria and Franconia. 140 Jewish communities were
destroyed.​

1303​

: Jews of Barcelona were ordered to kneel when passing Christian priests. Many

Jews of Egypt were forced to convert to Islam and required to wear yellow turbans.

1306​

: Jews were expelled from France and their property was confiscated. 100,000

Jews are exiled from France. They left with only the clothes on their backs, and food

for only one day.​

1309​

: One hundred ten Jews were killed in Born, Netherlands.

1312​

: Many Jews were killed in Fuerstenfeld and Judenberg, Austria.

1320​

: One hundred and twenty Jewish towns were attacked across France in the

‘Shepherd’s Crusade.’ Jews were expelled from Milan

1321​

: One hundred and sixty Jews were burned to death on Rosh HaShana in France,

accused of poisoning wells. In Guienne, France, Jews were accused of having incited

criminals to poison wells. 5,000 Jews were burned alive, at the stake​

1322​

: Jews were expelled from parts of France.

1328​

: Six thousand Jews were killed in the province of Navarre, Spain.

1332​

: Three hundred Jews were killed after another blood libel when a mob set the

synagogue on fire in Uberlingen, Germany.

1336​

: One hundred and twenty Jewish communities were ravaged by Armledder

Bands in Germany and Alsace. Fifteen hundred Jews were killed in Ribeuville, and all

the Jews of Deggendorf were killed after a ritual desecration libel.​

1337​

: Many Jews were killed in Bohemia.

1338​

: Jews were burned at the stake in Pulkau, Austria after a ritual desecration

libel.


1347 +

: Ships from the Far East carried rats into Mediterranean ports. The rats​

carried the Black Death. At first, fleas spread the disease from the rats to humans. As

the plague worsened, the germs spread from human to human. In five years, the​

death toll had reached 25 million. England took 2 centuries for its population levels to

recover from the plague. People looked around for someone to blame. They noted
that a smaller percentage of Jews than Christians caught the disease. This was
undoubtedly due to the Jewish sanitary and dietary laws, which had been preserved
from Old Testament times. Rumors circulated that Satan was protecting the Jews and
that they were paying back the Devil by poisoning wells used by Christians. The
solution was to torture, murder and burn the Jews. "In Bavaria...12,000
Jews...perished; in the small town of Erfurt...3,000; Rue Brulée...2,000 Jews; near
Tours, an immense trench was dug, filled with blazing wood and in a single day 160
Jews were burned." In Strausberg 2,000 Jews were burned. In Maintz 6,000 were
killed...; in Worms 400..."​

1349​

: Three hundred Jewish communities were destroyed and thousands of Jews

were killed across Europe in the Black Death massacres.

1354​

: 12,000 Jews were executed in Toledo.

1355​

: One hundred and twenty Jews were killed by Christian and Muslim mobs in

Toledo, Spain.

1358​

: Hundreds of Jews were killed in Catalonia, a province in Spain on the day after

Tisha B’Av.

1360​

: Many Jews were killed in a fire after anti-Jewish rioting in Breslau, Silesia.

Jews were expelled from Hungary.

1367​

: Jews of Barcelona were accused of ritual desecration and held prisoner in their

synagogue for three days.

1370​

: Many Jews were killed in a civil war in Castille, Spain. 8,000 Jews were killed

in Toledo. Hundreds of Jews were burned alive in a ritual desecration libel in

Brussels.​

1374

: An epidemic of possession broke out in the lower Rhine region of what is now​

Germany. People were seen "dancing, jumping and [engaging in] wild raving." This

was triggered by enthusiastic revels on St. John's Day - an Christianized version of an
ancient Pagan seasonal day of celebration which was still observed by the populace.
The epidemic spread throughout the Rhine and in much of the Netherlands and
Germany. Crowds of 500 or more dancers would be overcome together. Exorcisms
were tried, but failed. Pilgrimages to the shrine of St. Vitus were tried, but this only
seemed to exacerbate the problem. Finally, the rumor spread that God was angry
because Christians had been excessively tolerant towards the Jews. God had cursed
Europe as He did Saul when he showed mercy towards God's enemies in the Old
Testament. Jews "were plundered, tortured and murdered by tens of thousands." The
epidemic finally burned itself out two centuries later, in the late 16th century.​

1377​

: Some Jews in Huesca, Spain were tortured and burned to death in a ritual

desecration libel.

1380​

: Jews of Paris were killed by anti-Jewish rioters.

1391​

: Fifty thousand Jews were killed in Spain and Portugal. 200,000 Castillian Jews

converted to spare their lives, the so-called Marranos or Conversos. Jewish

persecutions begin in Seville and in 70 other Jewish communities throughout Spain.​

1393​

: Jews of Venice were required to wear yellow badges.

1394​

: All Jews were expelled from France. Jews were exiled, for the second time,

from France.​

 

[Heber]

1397

: Jews were expelled from Basel, Switzerland.​

1400​

: Jews were massacred in Syria by Tartar invaders. Seventy-seven Jews were
killed in riots in Prague.

1401​

: Thirty Jews were burned at the stake in a blood libel in Schaffhausen,
Switzerland.

1404​

: Many Jews were killed in Salzburg, Austria in a desecration libel.

1406​

: Jews on the island of Corfu were required to wear yellow badges.

1421
: Jews of Austria were massacred, some tortured, property confiscated, children
forcibly baptized after a ritual desecration libel. Fifty-eight Jews in Styria were

burned, the rest were expelled by a new Christian sect called the Hussites. Jews of

Bohemia were massacred by Hussites.​

1424​

: Jews were expelled from Cologne, Germany.

1425​

: Jews were expelled from Iglau, Bohemia.

1427​

: Jews were expelled from Berne, Switzerland.

1428​

: Jews were expelled from Fribourg, Switzerland. Jews of Sicily were ordered to
attend conversion sermons.

1430​

: Fifteen Jews were burned to death and the rest expelled from Constance,
Lindau, and Ravensburg, Germany. Jews were expelled from Miessen and Thuringia in

Germany and from Eger, Bohemia.​

1431 +:​

The Council of Basel "forbade Jews to go to universities, prohibited them
from acting as agents in the conclusion of contracts between Christians, and required

that they attend church sermons."​

1434

: "Jewish men in Augsburg had to sew yellow buttons to their clothes. Across​

Europe, Jews were forced to wear a long undergarment, an overcoat with a yellow

patch, bells and tall pointed yellow hats with a large button on them."​

1435​

: Two-hundred Jews were forcibly converted in Majorca after a blood libel. Jews
in Augsburg, Germany were required to wear yellow badges.

1436​

: Jews were expelled from Zurich, Switzerland.

1451​

: Jews were forbidden to have social contact with non-Jews by Pope Nicholas V.
Jews were ordered to wear special badges in Hanover, Germany and Arnhem, Holland.

1453​

: Forty-one Jews were burned at the stake in Breslau, Silesia, the rest were
expelled in a ritual desecration libel.

1453​

: The Franciscan monk, Capistrano, persuaded the King of Poland to terminate
all Jewish civil rights.

1454​

: Many Jews were killed in anti-Jewish riots in Cracow., Poland. Jews were
expelled in Brno and other cities of Moravia.

1457​

: Jews were expelled from Hildesheim, Germany.

1458​

: Jews were expelled from Erfurt, Germany.

1459​

: Sixty Jews were killed in rioting in Carpentras, France.

1460​

: Jews were expelled from Mainz, Germany.

1464​

: Jews were attacked in Seville, Spain. Thirty Jews were killed in Cracow.

1465​

: Jews were massacred in a revolt in Fez, Morocco.

1466​

: Some Jews were killed in Arnstadt, Germany. Jews were forced to run in
humiliating races before jeering crowds of Christians during Carnival. This became an

annual event for the next 200 years.​

1467​

: Eighteen Jews were burned to death in a blood libel in Nurnberg, Germany.

1468​

: Jews of Landau, Germany were forced to wear yellow badges.

1470​

: Jews were expelled from the province of Baden, Germany.

1472​

: Jews were expelled from Schaffhausen, Switzerland. Jews of Muehlhausen,
Germany were required to wear yellow badges.

1474​

: Three-hundred and sixty Jews were killed in a massacre in Sicily, and in
Segovia, Spain.

1475​

: Many Jews were tortured and killed in a blood libel in Trent, Italy.

1477​

: Jews were expelled from Tuebingen, Germany, and from Nancy and the whole
Duchy of Lorraine, France.

1478​

: Ten Jews were killed and the rest were expelled from Passau, Bavaria after a
ritual desecration libel. Jews were expelled from Bamberg, Germany and there was a

blood libel in Mantua, Italy. Spanish Jews had been heavily persecuted from the 14th

century. Many had converted to Christianity. The Spanish Inquisition was set up by the

Church in order to detect insincere conversions. Laws were passed that prohibited the
descendants of Jews or Muslims from attending university, joining religious orders,
holding public office, or entering any of a long list of professions.​

1479​

: Jews were expelled from Schlettstadt, Germany .

1481​

: The Inquisition began. Jews were expelled from the province of Andalusia
making it easier to isolate the Marranos (Jews who were forced to convert to

Christianity). Jews were expelled from Warsaw, Poland and Mainz, Germany.​

1485​

: Jews were attacked in riots in Provence, France, many were killed. The
Inquisition burned 22 Marranos in Perpignan, France. Jews were expelled from

Perugian, Gubbio, and Vicenza, Italy.​

1488​

: Sixteen Jews were burned at the stake in Toledo. Forty Marannos were burned
at the stake and 100 bodies were exhumed and burned in Toledo, Spain. So far 700

Marannos were burned by the Inquisition.​

1489​

: Jews were attacked in Provence, France, some were forcibly converted, the
rest were expelled. Jews were expelled from Lucca, Italy.

1490​

: Four-hundred and twenty-two Marannos were burned in Toledo, Spain. Jews
were expelled from Geneva, Switzerland and for the third time from Heilbronn,

Germany.​

1491​

: Jews were expelled from Thurgau, Switzerland and from Ravenna, Italy and the
synagogue was burned.

1492​

: Jews were expelled from Spain and Italy. It is estimated that 100,000 to
300,000 Jew were expelled from Spain and many became forced converts (Marranos)

but many continued to practice Judaism in secret. Twenty-seven Jews were burned in

Mecklenberg, a region of Germany and the rest were expelled. Expulsions also took

place in Olsenica and Silesia, between Germany and Poland.​

1493​

: Jews including refugees from Spain were expelled from Perpignan, France.

1494​

: Sixteen Jews were killed in Tyrnau, Slovakia in a blood libel. Jews were
expelled from Camp San Pietro and Bresica, Italy and from Arles, France.

1495​

: Jews were expelled from Lithuania. Most Jews of Cosenza, Italy were forced to
become baptized.

1496​

: Jew who had been allowed to return to Austria were again expelled from the
provinces of Carinthia and Styria. An expulsion order was issued in Portugal giving

Jews one year to convert or leave the country. Many resisted torture that was used to​

try to convert them.

 

[Heber]

1497​

​

: On the first day of Passover, many Jewish children in Portugal were captured
and forcibly baptized. Many parents converted in order to stay in the country with
their children. The government also lured 20,000 Jews to a Lisbon palace and denied
them food and water and forcibly baptized them. Jews including refugees from Spain
were expelled from Navarre, a province on the French border with Spain and from the
island of Rhodes. Jews were also expelled from Nurenberg, Germany and Salzburg,
Austria. Seventy-five forced converts were burned at the stake in Avila, Spain and the
bones of twenty-six Jews were exhumed and burned.​

1503​

​

: A number of Jewish refugees from Spain were burned at the stake in
Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia.​

1504​

​

: Jews were expelled from Pilsen, Bohemia.​

1505​

​

: Jews were expelled from Orange, France.​

1506​

​

: Two-thousand Marranos were killed in Lisbon.​

1510​

​

: Jews were expelled from Colmar, Alsace and Coltbus, Germany, and from
Naples, Italy. Thirty-eight Jews were burned at the stake in Berlin, Germany in a
ritual desecration libel and the rest were expelled from the whole province of
Brandenburg.​

1515​

​

: Jew were expelled from Laibach, Slovenia and from Genoa, Italy. Jews were
expelled from Lowicz, Poland.​

1516​

​

: The Governor of the Republic of Venice decided that Jews would be permitted
to live only in one area of the city. It was located in the South Girolamo parish and
was called the "Ghetto Novo." This was the first ghetto in Europe. Hitler made use of
the concept in the 1930's.​

1517​

​

: Jews were required to wear a yellow patch in Algeria.​

1518​

​

: Jews of Hebron were attacked. Many were killed and many fled.​

1519​

​

: Jews were expelled from the region of Wuertenberg, Germany and Regensberg,
Bavaria.​

1523​

​

: Martin Luther distributed his essay "That Jesus Was Born a Jew. " He hoped that
large numbers of Jews would convert to Christianity. They didn't, and he began to
write and preach hatred against them. Luther has been condemned in recent years for
being extremely anti-Semitic. The charge has some merit; however he was probably
typical of most Christians during his era.​

1525​

​

: Jews of Carpentras, France were ordered by Pope Clement VII to wear yellow
hats.​

1526​

​

: Jews were expelled from Hungary.​

1529​

​

: Thirty Jews were burned to death in Poesing, Slovakia in a blood libel. The rest
were expelled.​

1530​

​

: Jews of Germany were required to wear a yellow badge.​

1533​

​

: Jews were expelled from Constance, Germany.​

1534​

​

: Many Jews were massacred in Tlemcen, Algeria and fifteen hundred were
enslaved when the Spanish conquered the town.​

1535​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Tunis and many were captured and sold as slaves
when invaders sacked the city.​

1537​

​

: Jews were killed in Tyrnau, Slovakia in a blood libel.​

1540​

​

: The Portuguese Inquisition begins with the intention of seeking out Marranos,​

and some were burned to death in Lisbon. Eventually, twelve-hundred​

Marranos were
burned to death. Jews were exiled from Naples​

1541​

​

: Jews were massacred in Bohemia after an order was issued expelling them
from the country. All the Jews who had resettled in Naples, Italy were expelled again.​

1543​

​

: Jews were expelled from Muehlhausen, Germany and other towns in the
province through the influence of Martin Luther who had turned against the
Jews some say in disappointment that they did not accept his form of ‘less
paganistic’ Christianity. In his 20's, Martin Luther, had expected Jews to
convert to Christianity in large numbers. Distressed by their reluctance, he
developed a hatred for Jews, as expressed in his letters to Rev. Spalatin in
1514, when he was 31 years of age. He wrote:
"I have come to the conclusion that the Jews will always curse and blaspheme
God and his King Christ, as all the prophets have predicted....For they are
thus given over by the wrath of God to reprobation, that they may become
incorrigible, as Ecclesiastes says, for every one who is incorrigible is rendered
worse rather than better by correction."​

In 1543, he wrote "​

On the Jews and their lies, On Shem Hamphoras" :
"...eject them forever from this country. For, as we have heard, God's anger
with them is so intense that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse
and worse, while sharp mercy will reform them but little. Therefore, in any
case, away with them!...What then shall we Christians do with this damned,
rejected race of Jews?
First, their synagogues or churches should be set on fire,... Secondly, their homes
should likewise be broken down and destroyed... They ought to be put under one
roof or in a stable, like Gypsies. Thirdly, they should be deprived of their prayer
books and Talmuds in which such idolatry, lies, cursing and blasphemy are taught.
Fourthly, their rabbis must be forbidden under threat of death to teach any
more... Fifthly, passport and traveling privileges should be absolutely forbidden to
the Jews... Sixthly, they ought to be stopped from usury. All their cash and
valuables of silver and gold ought to be taken from them and put aside for safe
keeping... Seventhly, let the young and strong Jews and Jewesses be given the
flail, the axe, the hoe, the spade, the distaff, and spindle and let them earn their
bread by the sweat of their noses as in enjoined upon Adam's children...
To sum up, dear princes and nobles who have Jews in your domains, if this
advice of mine does not suit you, then find a better one so that you and we
may all be free of this insufferable devilish burden - the Jews."​

1547​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Treviso, Italy in anti-Jewish riots and the rest fled the
city.​

1550​

​

: Jews were expelled from Genoa, Italy.​

1551​

​

: Jews of Bratslav, Poland were attacked by the Tartars who invaded the town.
A Ger Tzaddik (convert to Judaism) who had previously been a monk was burned alive
in Rome.​

1553​

​

: Pope Julius III ordered the burning of the Talmud and the cessation of its
printing because of its alleged anti-Christian content. On Rosh HaShana the Inquisition
staged a massive burning of the Talmud and other Jewish books in Rome. Jewish​

books were subsequently burned in many other cities in Italy.

 

[Heber]

1555​

​

: The Jews of Rome and other cities were ordered by Pope Paul IV to live in
ghettos. The men were to wear yellow hats and the women yellow kerchiefs. They
were not allowed to own property outside the ghetto. Living conditions were
dreadful: over 3,000 people were forced to live in about 8 acres of land.​

1556​

​

: Twenty-six Portuguese Marranos who had openly returned to Judaism were
burned to death in Ancona, Italy by order of Pope Paul IV.​

1557​

​

: Jews of Bohemia who had returned after the last expulsion were expelled again
from the major cities.​

1559​

​

: Ten thousand Jewish books were burned in Cremona, Italy under the order of
the Inquisition.​

1563​

​

: Thirty Jews of Polotzk, Lithuania were drowned in the Dvina River for refusing
to be baptized when Ivan the Terrible captured the city.​

1566​

​

: Jewish men were required to wear yellow hats in Lithuania, the women yellow
kerchiefs.​

1567​

​

: Jews were expelled from the rest of the province of Genoa.​

1569​

​

: Jews were expelled from the Papal States.​

1571​

​

: Anti-Jewish riots erupted in Berlin.​

1573​

​

: Jews were expelled from Berlin and the whole province of Brandenburg,
Germany.​

1577​

​

: Twenty Jews were killed in anti-Jewish riots in Posen, Poland. Jews of Rome
were forced to attend conversion sermons by Pope Gregory XIII.​

1582​

​

: Jews were expelled from Holland.​

1589​

​

: Jews who had returned to Cochem, Germany were again expelled. Jews were
also expelled from other German provinces.​

1590​

​

: Jews were expelled from Petrokov, Poland after a blood libel.​

1592​

​

: Jews of Vilna, Poland were attacked and their houses and shops were
plundered.​

1593​

​

: Many Jews were massacred in Bucharest when locals revolted against the
Ottoman Empire.​

1599​

​

: Jews of Patras, Greece were murdered and their properties plundered by
sailors from Naples and Sicily.​

1601​

​

: The Church authorities in Rome confiscated and burned Jewish holy books.​

1602​

​

: Seven Jews were hanged in Mantua, Italy.​

1605​

​

: The Jews of Bisenz, Moravia were massacred.​

1614​

​

: The Jews of Frankfurt Am Main, Germany were attacked and forced to leave
the city for a while.​

1620​

​

: The Jews of Posen, Poland were expelled from a temporary settlement outside
of the city in which they had settled after a fire in 1613.​

1630​

​

: Invading German troops expelled the Jews of Mantua, Italy after confiscating
their possessions. Eighteen Jewish children were forcibly baptized in Reggio Emilia,
Italy. The Jews of Venice and Prague were forced to attend conversion sermons.​

1635​

​

: The Jews of Vilna, Poland were attacked and their houses ransacked.​

1636​

​

: The Jews of Lublin were attacked and some killed after a blood libel trial. The
Jews of Brisk, Brest-Litovsk were attacked in an anti-Jewish riot.​

1644​

​

: A Spanish nobleman (Lopa de Vera y Alacron) decided to convert to Judaism
(after studying the Bible) and was arrested and tried before the Inquisition. In prison​

he circumcised himself and changed his name to Yehuda HaMa’amin (the believer). He
refused to renounce Judaism, despite torture and his death at the stake in Tammuz
left a deep impression on the​

Marraonos of Spain.​

1645​

​

: The Jews of Mogilev, Poland were attacked by rioters (including the mayor) on
Rosh HaShana.​

1647​

​

: Rabbi Yitzchak de Castro (Tartas) was burned alive in Lisbon for teaching
Judaism to Marranos in Portuguese Brazil. His cries of ‘Sh’ma Israel’ at his death
made a deep impression on the Marranos of Portugal.​

1648​

​

: The Cossacks rebelled against Polish rule. Led by Bogdan Chmielnitzki they
attempted to establish an independent Ukraine. Whenever they could these forces
attacked the Jews. They tortured many, forcibly converted some, massacred tens of
thousand, and mutilated the remains. Three hundred Jewish communities were
destroyed and between 100,000 and 300,000 Jews were killed in the massacres.
Poland-Lithuania which had been a haven for Jews for many years became a scene of
massive Jewish devastation. Six thousand Jews were killed in Nemirov, Poland. One
thousand Jews were tortured and killed in Tulchin, Poland; ten thousand were killed
in Polonoye, Poland, three thousand were killed in Konstaninov, Poland. four
thousand Jews of Dubno, Poland were killed when Poles would not allow them to seek
refuge from the Cossacks in a fortress; twelve thousand Jews of Narol, Poland were
drowned or killed in the synagogue (which was then set on fire).​

1649​

​

: Ninety-six Marranos were burned to death in Mexico.​

1650​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Jassy, Moldavia by Cossacks. A Jew was killed and the
rest expelled after a blood libel in Kadan, Bohemia.​

1651​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Bar, Ukraine by Cossacks and Tartars.​

1652​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Jassy, Moldavia by Cossacks.​

1655​

​

: Jews were killed in Russian and Swedish invasions of Poland. As many as 25,000
Jews were killed in Vilna, Poland by invading Russian soldiers.​

1659​

​

: Three hundred Jews were killed in Bichov Poland-Lithuania when Russians
captured the town.​

1662​

​

: Jews fled Cochin, India when the Portuguese rulers attacked them and
plundered their property.​

1664​

​

: Many Jews were massacred in Bratslav, Poland in a Cossack invasion.​

1667​

​

: The Jews of Podhayets, Poland were massacred when Tartars invaded the
town. The Jews ‘performed’ their annual humiliating race at the Carnival in Rome for
the last time. Some Jews were expelled from part of Morocco.​

1670​

​

: The Jews were expelled from Austria, including Jews who had settled there
from the Chmielnitzki massacres in Poland.​

1678​

​

: The Jews were expelled from Yemen where many synagogues had previously
been demolished.​

1682​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Krakow, Poland in anti-Jewish riots.​

1683​

​

: All the Jews of Uhersky Brod, Moravia were killed.​

1686​

​

: Many Jews were killed during the Austrian siege of Budapest.​

1687​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Posen and Vilna,Poland in anti-Jewish rioting.​

1703​

​

: The Jews of Tzerkov, Poland were attacked at the start of the Haidamack
massacres.​

1704: Many Jews were killed and many more were displaced during the unsuccessful

 

[Heber]

​

​

Hungarian revolution. The Jews of Krotoszyn, Poland were attacked and their
property looted in anti-Jewish rioting.​

1706

: The Jews of Lissa, Poland were attacked and plundered by invading Russian

soldiers and the whole Jewish section of the town was burned
1709​

​

: The Jews of Lissa, Poland were accused of spreading the plague and were

expelled.
1710​

​

: The Jews were expelled from Goningen, Netherlands.

1716​

​

: The Jews of Posen, Poland were attacked.

1720​

​

: The Jews of Budapest were attacked and their homes plundered. Arabs broke

into the Ashkenazi synagogue in Jerusalem and burned the Torah scrolls. The Jews
were forced to flee and the synagogue remained in disrepair for many years.
1726​

​

: The Jews were attacked in Jassy, Moldavia after a blood libel and the

synagogue was desecrated.
1728​

​

: Two brothers, (one a rabbi, the other the head of a yeshiva) were tortured and

then burned in Lvov, Poland on the eve of Shavuot. The charge against them was that
they had attempted to convince an apostate to return to Judaism and that they had
‘profaned Christian symbols.’
1734: Twenty-seven Jews were massacred in Korsu, Poland by roaming Haidamack
bands.
1736​

​

: Many Jews were imprisoned and tortured in a blood libel in Posen, Poland.

1737​

​

: Some Jews were tortured and killed in Yaroslav, Poland.

1742​

​

: The Jews were expelled from most of Russia.

1745​

​

: Some Jews were massacred in Roudnice, Bohemia. The Jews were expelled

from Prague by a decree issued by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
1746​

​

: The Jews were expelled from Budapest by another order from the Empress.

1749​

​

: The Jews of Breslau, Silesia were killed in riots that followed the explosion of a gunpowder storehouse.

1753​

​

: Eleven Jews were skinned alive and killed and thirteen were forced to convert

to Christianity in a blood libel in Zhitomir, Poland.
1760​

​

: The Jews were expelled from the region of Courland, Latvia.

1761​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Mogilev-Podolski, Poland and some Jews were killed

in Wojslawice, Poland in a blood libel.
1763​

​

: Four Jews were killed in Kalisch, Poland in a blood libel.

1768​

​

: The Haidamacks brutally killed many Jews in Polish-Ukranian towns. Thousands

of Jews in Uman were massacred in the synagogues which were subsequently burned
together with the desecrated Torah scrolls.
1774​

​

: The Jews were expelled form Hodonin, Moravia by Empress Maria Theresa.

1778​

​

: The Jews were expelled from Kitzingen, Germany.

1787​

​

: The Jews of Austria were forced to choose German sounding names from a

prepared list.
1790​

​

: The Jews of Warsaw were attacked by anti-Jewish rioters and the Jews of

Florence were attacked by mobs who were angry because the Jews had been granted
some civil rights.
1791​

​

: The government of Russia restricted the residence of many thousands of Jews

in its newly annexed territories.
1792​

​

: Many Jews of Orfan, Morocco chose to be burned alive rather than convert to

Islam.
1793​

​

: Many Jews were imprisoned and many synagogues were closed in France during

the ‘Reign of Terror’ after the French Revolution. All the Jewish books in Strasbourg
were confiscated and burned and the yeshiva closed.
1795​

​

: Jews were killed by rioters in Vilna and Warsaw following the Polish rebellion

against Russia.
1798​

​

: After Napoleon's armies withdrew from Italy, the Jews of Pesaro were

attacked, many killed and the two synagogues plundered.
1801​

​

: One hundred and twenty-eight Jews were killed in anti-Jewish riots in

Bucharest after a blood libel.
1804​

​

: A Russian edict prohibited Jews from living in villages.

1806​

​

: A French Jesuit Priest, Abbe Barruel, had written a treatise blaming the

Masonic Order for the French Revolution. He later issued a letter alleging that Jews,
not the Masons were the guilty party. This triggered a belief in an international
Jewish conspiracy in Germany, Poland and some other European countries later in the
19th century.
1812​

​

: The Jews were attacked and several synagogues were burned by Greek

revolutionaries in Galati, Rumania.
1819​

​

: An anti-Jewish riot broke out in Wurtzburg and similar riots quickly spread to

many towns.
1820​

​

: A law was issued in Austria that required all Rabbis to study philosophy and to

preach in the local language, and also required Jewish children to attend Christian
schools. Proposals included the provisions that traditional Jewish garb be outlawed
and that many traditional Jewish writings (including the Talmud) be banned and
censored.
1821​

​

: Hundreds of Jews were killed in Jassy, Moldavia in a Greek revolt against the

Turkish Empire. Some say that as many as 5000 Jews were killed in Greece during the
revolt. The Jews were attacked in anti-Jewish riots in Odessa, Russia
1822​

​

: The expulsion of Jews from Russian villages was resumed. Sixty Jews were

killed in Bucharest on Purim by Turkish soldiers suppressing the Greek revolutionaries.
1825​

​

: The Jews were expelled from the villages around Mogilev and Vitebsk, Russia

and removed to the cities.
1827​

​

: Czar Nicholas I of Russia issued a decree (during Elul) that male Jews between

the ages of 12 and 25 were to be drafted into military service. Local communal
leaders were held personally responsible for delivering their quotas of conscripts
(which were high), and because there were virtually no volunteers for this military
service, kidnappers grabbed children as young as 8 and 9 (mostly from the poor.)
Children younger than 18 year of age were ‘trained’, barracks’ established for
children, and there was strong pressure (including torture) to convert the Jewish
children to Christianity. When they turned 18, they had to serve 25 years in the Army.
It is estimated that 30,000 to 100,000 Jewish children were ‘drafted’ under this
decree.
1829​

​

: The Jews were ordered expelled from Kiev and later from the Russian port

cities of Nikolayev and Sevastopol.
1831​

​

: Many Jews were killed in Oshmyany, Lithuania when the Russian soldiers
started a fire after a Polish rebellion.

​

 

[Heber]

​

1838​

: Hundreds of Jews were arrested and tortured in Russia on a charge of being

involved in an affair in which two Jews were allegedly killed by other Jews. Many died
from the effects of their hard labor sentence.
1839​

​

: Many Jews of Meshed, Persia were killed in an anti-Jewish attack, and the

remainder were forced to convert to Islam, although they remained secretly Jewish.
1840​

​

: Many Jews were arrested in a notorious blood libel in Damascus, including over

60 children (in order to extract ‘confessions’ from their mothers.) Two Jews died of
torture, a number ‘confessed’, and one converted to Islam.
1846 - 1878: ​

​

Pope Pius IX restored all of the previous restrictions against the Jews

within the Vatican state. All Jews under Papal control were confined to Rome's ghetto
- the last one in Europe until the Nazi era. On 2000-SEP-3, Pope John Paul II
beautified Pius IX; this is the last step before sainthood. He explained: "Beatifying a
son of the church does not celebrate particular historic choices that he has made,
but rather points him out for imitation and for veneration for his virtue."
1853​

​

: The Russian government issued decrees restricting the Jewish style of dress,

and classifying Jews into various discriminatory economic classes.
1857​

​

: A Jew was attacked by a mob in Tunisia and later killed for allegedly insulting

Islam.
1858: ​

​

Edgardo Mortara was kidnapped, at the age of six, from his Jewish family by

Roman Catholic officials after they found out that a maid had secretly baptized him.
He was not returned to his family but was raised a Catholic. He eventually became a
priest.
1859​

​

: Many Jews were killed in an attack by rioters in Galati, Rumania, and the Jews

were also attacked in Odessa, Russia.
1860​

​

: When the Spanish attacked Jews in Spain, many Jews fled to Morocco and the

Jews of Tetuan, Morocco were massacred.
1862​

​

: General Ulyses S. Grant approved an order expelling Jews from Tennessee less

than two weeks before President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation during the U.S.
Civil War.
1864​

​

: Jews of many cities in North Africa, including Tunis and Tripoli, were

massacred on Yom Kippur by insurgent tribes.
1867​

​

: The Jews were expelled from many villages in Rumania (some drowned in the

Danube in their flight.) The remainder were harassed with discriminatory laws.
1871​

​

: The Jews were attacked in anti-Jewish riots in Odessa, Russia during Passover.

1881​

​

: Czar Alexander II, who had made many mild changes in Russia, was

nevertheless assassinated by revolutionaries, and the Jews were blamed. Pogroms
(anti-Jewish riots) broke out in southern Russia and swept across the whole country
(often with the open encouragement of local officials). The pogroms continued
sporadically over the next three years, resulting in many injuries, enormous damage
to Jewish property (including synagogues), and the desecration of Torah scrolls.
1882​

​

: The Jews were attacked in Algiers and other cities of Algeria, in sporadic anti-

Jewish rioting over the course of the next few years. Many Jews were killed, some
synagogues were even plundered and the Torah scrolls were desecrated. An inquiry by
the Russian government into the pogroms of 1881 decided that the Jews themselves
were to blame, because of their ‘economic exploitation’ of other citizens.
Consequently, the government passed the series of May Laws in which, among other
discriminatory provisions, the Jews were expelled from all villages and rural
settlements and were allowed to live only in the towns. Some Jews were accused of a
blood libel in Tisza Eszlar, Hungary and although they were later acquitted, the
accusation led to many anti-Jewish riots throughout the country.
1891​

​

: The Jews were expelled from Moscow and 30,000 were forced to sell their

properties and leave.
1893​

​

: "...anti-Semitic parties won sixteen seats in the German Reichstag."

1894​

​

: Captain Alfred Dreyfus, an officer on the French general staff, was convicted of

treason. The evidence against him consisted of a piece of paper from his wastebasket
with another person's handwriting, and papers forged by antisemitic officers. He
received a life sentence on Devil's Island, off the coast of South America. The French
government was aware that a Major Esterhazy was actually guilty. The church,
government and army united to suppress the truth. Writer Emile Zola and politician
Jean Jaurès fought for justice and human rights. After 10 years, the French
government fell and Dreyfus was declared totally innocent. The Dreyfus Affair was
world-wide news for years. It motivated Journalist Theodor Herzl to write a book in
1896, "The Jewish State: A Modern Solution to the Jewish Question." The book led to
the founding of the Zionist movement which fought for a Jewish Homeland. A half
century later, the state of Israel was born.
1897​

​

: Jews were attacked by anti-Jewish rioters in Montaganem, Algeria. Jews were

attacked in a pogrom in Bucharest.
1899​

​

: Leopold Hilsner, a Jew, was sentenced to death in Bohemia in a blood libel,

which aroused strong anti-Jewish expressions in the press. His sentence was later
reduced to life imprisonment.
1903: ​

​

A Christian child was discovered murdered and a young Christian woman at the

Jewish Hospital committed suicide in Kishinev, Russia. Jews were blamed for the
deaths. Violence ensued. The 5,000 soldiers in the town did nothing. When the smoke
cleared, 49 Jews had been killed, 500 were injured; 700 homes looted and destroyed,
600 businesses and shops looted, 2000 families left homeless. Later, it was discovered
that the child had been murdered by its relatives and the suicide was unrelated to the
Jews. Russian officials openly supported the pogrom.
1905​

​

: After losing the war with Japan, Russia was stirring with revolutionary agitation

(the Czar was forced to establish a parliament), and government officials and
supporters of the Czar sought to divert the attention of the masses with anti-Jewish
incitement. As a result almost 700 sanctioned pogroms were carried out against the
Jews and more than 800 Jews were killed over the course of less than two years.
Twenty-five Jews were killed in Zhitomir. One hundred and twenty Jews were killed
in Yekaterinoslav; forty were killed in Simferopol, Crimea; fifty in Rechitsa and 300 in
Odessa. The Okhrana, the Russian secret police in the reign of Czar Nicholas II,
converted an earlier antisemitic novel into a document called the "Protocols of the
Elders of Zion." It was published privately in 1897. A Russian Orthodox priest, Sergius
Nilus, published them publicly in 1905. It was promoted as the record of "secret
rabbinical conferences whose aim was to subjugate and exterminate the Christians."
The Protocols were used by the Okhrana in a propaganda campaign that was
associated with massacres of the Jews. These were the Czarist Pogroms of 1905.
1906​

​

: Seventy Jews were killed and seventy seriously injured in a pogrom in
Bialystok, Russia and thirty Jews were killed in Siedlice, Russia.

​

 

[Heber]

1907​

​

: Thirty Jews were killed and 250 women and children were abducted in tribal
riots in Casablanca, Morocco.​

1914​

​

: World War I began. Thirty-three Jews were killed when the invading German
army set fire to the Jewish section of Kalisch, Poland.​

1915​

​

: Of the 85,000 Jews living in Israel (under Turkish rule) at this time, thousands
died of starvation during World War I. 600,000 Jews were forcibly moved from the
western borders of Russia towards the interior. About 100,000 died of exposure or
starvation​

1917​

​

: The Russian Revolution began. "In the civil war following the Bolshevik
Revolution of 1917, the reactionary White Armies made extensive use of the
Protocols to incite widespread slaughters of Jews." Two hundred thousand Jews were
murdered in the Ukraine alone.​

1918​

​

: The Ukrainians established their independence from Russia and the Jews were
massacred for over two years in pogroms originating from all sides. Over 525
communities were attacked, 60,000 Jews were killed and many times that number
were wounded. Ninety Jews were killed in Novgorod-Seversk, Ukraine in an anti-
Jewish attack by the Red Russian Army retreating from the Germans. Seventy Jews
were killed in Lvov, (Lemberg) Poland in a pogrom by Polish soldiers.​

1919​

​

: Seventeen hundred Jews were killed by Ukrainian Nationalists in a four-hour
pogrom in Proskurov and eighty Jews were killed in Zhitomir, Ukraine. Thirty Jews
were executed by the Polish in Prinsk on dubious allegations; two Jews were killed in
a pogrom in Kalisch, Poland. Seven hundred Jews of Cherkassy, Ukraine were killed by
Cossacks in pogroms and 250 were later killed by the Russian White Army. Four
hundred Jews were killed by peasant bands in a pogrom in Trostyanets, Ukraine; 317
were killed in another in Zhitomir, Ukraine and 170 in Tulchin, Ukraine; 80 Jews were
killed by Polish troops in Vilna, Poland. Forty Jews were massacred in Bugoslav,
Ukraine by the Russian White Army. Thirty-six Jews of Kiev were executed by
Petlyura’s Ukranian army and 1,500 Jews were killed by the Russian White Army in a
pogrom in Fastov, Ukraine.​

1920​

​

: Arab nationalists attacked many of the new Jewish settlements in northern
Israel and a number of defenders were killed. Five Jews were killed during Pesach, in
an Arab attack in Jerusalem. Although there were a high proportion of Jews in the
early leadership of communist Russia (almost half of the Red Army was Jewish), there
was an ideological commitment among many of the leaders to eradicate the
distinctiveness of the Jews. A special government ‘Jewish Section’ had been
established which used the assistance of the police and the dreaded internal security
forces to close down synagogues and all places of Jewish learning. Religious
observance was singled out for particularly cruel and venomous suppression, and
rabbis, ritual slaughterers and teachers risked their lives to fulfill their communal
religious obligations. Four thousand Jews were killed by armed bands in a pogrom in
Tetiyev, Ukraine. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion reach England and the United
States. They are exposed as a forgery, but are widely circulated. Henry Ford
sponsored a study of international activities of Jews. This led to a series of
antisemitic articles in the Dearborn Independent, which were published in a book,
"The International Jew."​

1920​

​

: The defeat of Germany in World War I and the continuing economic difficulties
were blamed in that country on the "Jewish influence." One anti-Semitic poster has
been preserved from that era. It shows a German, presumably Christian woman, a
male Jew with distorted facial features, a coffin and the word "Deutschland"
(Germany)​

1920's, 1930's​

​

: Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf: "Today I believe that I am acting in
accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the
Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord." The Protocols are used by the Nazis to
whip up public hatred of the Jews in the 1930's. Widespread pogroms occur in Greece,
Hungary, Mexico, Poland, Rumania, and the USSR. Radio programs by many
conservative American clergy, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, frequently
attacked Jews. Reverend Fr. Charles E Coughlin was one of the best known. "In the
1930's, radio audiences heard him rail against the threat of Jews to America's
economy and defend Hitler's treatment of Jews as justified in the fight against
communism." Other conservative Christian leaders, such as Frank Norris and John
Straton supported the Jews.
Discrimination against Jews in North America is widespread. Many universities set
limits on the maximum number of Jewish students that they would accept. Harvard
accepted all students on the basis of merit until after World War I when the
percentage of Jewish students approached 15%. At that time they installed an
informal quota system. In 1941, Princeton had fewer than 2% Jews in their student
body. Jews were routinely barred from country clubs, prestigious neighborhoods, etc.​

1921​

​

: Forty-seven Jews were killed in Arab riots in Jaffa, Israel and four Jews were
killed while defending Petach Tikvah from an Arab attack.​

 

[Heber]

1934

: Twenty-five Jews were killed and many were wounded in attacks by the

(French-incited) Muslim population of Constantine, Algeria.
1936​

​

: Eighteen Jews were killed in Arab riots in Tel Aviv and unrest continued for

three years in what was called ‘the Arab Revolt’ against increased Jewish
immigration. A total of almost 500 Jews were killed and the Jewish community in
Hebron, which had recently been resettled, ceased to exist. Three Jews were killed
and sixty wounded in a pogrom in Przytyk, Poland. Two Jews were killed in a bomb
attack in Temesvar, Rumania.
1938​

​

: The Jews were attacked in many cities of Poland during this year. All Jews of

foreign origin were expelled from Italy by the government of Mussolini. The Nazi
government of Germany incited a massive country-wide pogrom, which swept through
Germany and Austria on the night of the 16th of Cheshvan. Thirty-six Jews were killed
and many hundreds took their own lives; 30,000 were arrested and sent to
concentration camps; 300 synagogues and over 1,000 private Jewish properties were
completely destroyed; hundreds of Torah scrolls were desecrated and destroyed;
many Jewish cemeteries were ruined. The pogrom was called Kristallnacht because of
all the broken glass.
1939​

​

: Hitler indicated that there would be a war, and that the Jews of Europe would

be exterminated. The British government announced their new policies in Israel
(which had come under their control during World War I) which restricted Jewish
immigration to 10,000 a year and also restricted the possibility for Jews to buy land
there. A German ship arrived in Cuba with 1,000 Jews fleeing Europe, but they were​

​

​

not permitted to disembark, and no country would agree to accept the. They were
eventually returned to Europe; only 287 survived World War II.
1939​

​

: Germany began World War II by invading Poland. Five hundred Jews were killed

in Przemsyl, Poland after the Germans captured the town on Rosh HaShana. Ostrov
Mazovyetzka, Poland became a border between German and Russian armies and the
560 Jews (out of 7,000) who did not escape to the Russian side were killed by the Nazi
German troops. The Nazis began to use Polish Jews for slave labor. The Nazis forced
the Jews of Petrokov, Poland into a ghetto on the 15th of Cheshvan. This was the
beginning of the campaign in which they eventually crowded most of Polish Jewry into
ghettos (mainly in Warsaw, Cracow, and Lublin) where as many as thirty percent died
of disease and starvation in the resulting intolerable conditions.
1940​

​

: The Nazis transported Jews from villages and towns mostly to ghettos in larger

cities and camps where they instituted systematic killing. They opened the larges
death camp on the 8th of Sivan at Auschwitz, Poland. This camp eventually covered
an area of forty square kilometers and could hold 140,000 prisoners. Two-and-a-half
million Jews were killed there and half a million died of starvation and disease during
its five-year existence. Eighteen hundred Jews of Chelm, Poland were taken on a
death march on the 19th of Kislev and 1,400 were shot on the way.
1941​

​

: One hundred and twenty Jews were killed in pogroms in Bucharest in the

month of Tevet. 120 to 180 Jews were killed in a massacre in Baghdad on the first day
of Shavuot. On the 9th of Sivan, Jewish property was confiscated by the Republic of
Croatia (which had joined the Nazis) and the Jews were ordered to wear yellow
badges. On the 27th of Sivan the Germans suddenly attacked Russia with whom they
had signed a peace treaty and they were welcomed with flowers by many non-Jewish
Lithuanians when they entered Vilna. The Nazis immediately rounded up and began
killing 35,000 Jews in the forest of Ponary, and 100,000 were eventually killed there.
A thousand Jewish men of Augustow, Poland were killed by the Nazis on the 27th of
Sivan. The Jews of Kovno, Lithuania were massacred by Lithuanian Nazi sympathizers
on the 1st of Tammuz; 800 Jews were killed by invading Rumanian troops in
Novoselisa, Bessaarabia, Russia on the 2nd of Tammuz; twelve thousand Jews were
killed in Jassy, Rumania by German and Rumanian soldiers in a two-day massacre that
started on the 3rd of Tammuz; 1,000 Jews were burned in a synagogue in Bialystok,
Poland and 3,300 were killed there in the following two weeks. Five thousand Jews
were killed outside Brisk, Brest-Litovsk on the 4th of Tammuz. Four-hundred Jews
were killed by German Nazis in Drogobych, Ukraine on the 8th of Tammuz; 3,000 were
killed in a fortress outside of Lutzk, Poland on the 9th; and 5,000 were killed in
Tarnopol, Poland in the week following the 9th of Tammuz. German and Rumanian
troops captured Chernovitz, Rumania from the Russians on the 10th of Tammuz, and
they massacred over 2,000 Jews. Two hundred Jews were killed in Czortkow, Poland
on the same day and the German and Rumanian troops shot 2,000 Jews in Hotin,
Bessarabia Russia on the 12th of Tammuz. Twelve hundred Jews were killed by the
Nazis on the outskirts of Slonim, Poland on the 22nd of Tammuz. Three thousand Jews
of the port town of Libava, Latvia were killed at the lighthouse on the 29th of
Tammuz, and 700 Jews were killed outside of Oshmyany, Lithuania on the 1st of Av.
The Nazis killed 900 Jews of Vilkovishk, Lithuania on the 4th of Av and 400 on the 8th
of Av; they killed 500 Jews six days later in Kishinev, Russia and 3,000 in Ostraha,​

​

​

Poland on the 11th of Av; 1,000 Jews of Kovno, Lithuania were killed on the 14th of
Av; 1,500 Jews of Zambrov, Poland on the 26th (1,000 were killed there two weeks
later) and 350 Jews in the outskirts of Koretz, Poland on the 27th; 1,400 were killed
near Titkin, Poland on the 2nd of Elul; 7,000 were killed in Marijampole, Lithuania
and 2,500 in Ostraha, Poland; on the 9th of Elul 1,700 in Radomyshl, Poland on the
14th, and 9,000 on the outskirts of Slonim, Poland on the 22nd. A few who escaped
from the large pits into which they had been thrown came back to the ghetto
hospital, but were seized by the Nazis, returned to the pits and shot. There had been
30,000 Jews in Zhitomir, Russia before the war, and the Nazis killed all, except for
those who fled, on the 27th of Elul. Twenty-eight thousand Jews of the vicinity of
Vinitza, Russia were killed there on Rosh HaShana. On the 8th and 9th of Tishrei (Erev
Yom Kippur) the Nazis machine-gunned 34,000 Jews on the outskirts of Kiev into the
ravine of Babi Yar where they were buried, many while still alive. The total number of
Jews eventually killed and buried there was 100,000. All 30,000 Jews of the
Berditchev, Russia ghetto were killed by the 14th of Tishrei (Erev Sukkot), and 500
were killed outside of Peremyshlany, Ukraine on that day. Ten thousand Jews were
killed in the Jewish cemetery on Stanislav, Poland on Hoshanna Rabbah. Rumanian
Legionnaires killed 8,000 Jews on the 25th of Tishrei. They killed another 40,000
within the next ten days. Twenty five hundred Jews were killed outside Kossov,
Poland on the 25th and 26th of Tishrei and all 1,700 Jews of Kaidanov, Russia were
killed by the 30th. Three thousand Jews were killed in Ostraha, Poland on the 4th of
Cheshvan, 4,000 in Kletzk, Lithuania on the 5th, 5,000 in Nesvizh , Lithuania on the
9th, 2,500 in Nadvorna, Poland on the 16th; 18,000 Jews of Rovno, Poland were
machine-gunned by the Nazis in a forest. Twelve thousand Jews from the ghetto of
Minsk, Russia were killed in a similar manner on the 17th, 5,000 two weeks later. The
Nazis killed 1,500 Jews in Mir, Russia on the 19th of Cheshvan, 800 were killed in
Zaleschiki, Poland on the 24th and 700 Jews from the ghetto of Lubavitch, Russia
were killed. On the 10th of Kislev 10,500 Jews of Riga, Latvia were shot to death in a
nearby forest; another 16,000 were killed during the ensuing week, and 1,500 were
killed in the forest near Borislav, Poland. Four hundred Jews of Novogrodek, Russia
were killed on the 17th of Kislev, 3,500 were killed in Libava, Latvia on the first and
second days of Hannukah, and 900 were killed outside Zobalotov, Ukraine on the last
day of Hannukah.​

​

 

[Heber]

1942

: More than 15,000 Jews were killed in Drobitzky Yar, outside of Karkov, Russia

in Tevet, and Shevat; 1,400 Jews of Novi Sad, Yugoslavia were shot and dumped into
the icy waters of the Danube on the 5th of Shevat; 3,000 were killed in Brailov, Russia
by the Nazis on the 25th of Shevat. The Nazis sank the Struma in the Black Sea. It was
a ship with 769 Jewish refugees on board, which the British had turned back for the
shores of Israel. The Nazis killed several thousand Jews (including all the children in
the orphanage) in Minsk, Russia during Av; 1,500 Jews were killed on Purim in
Dolhinov (Poland); 800 were killed in Radoshkovichi, Poland on the 22nd of Adar, and
1,000 were killed in Ilya, Poland on the 28th. Two thousand were killed outside
Rogatyn, Poland on the 2nd of Nissan; 1,500 were killed near Horodenka, Poland on
the 17th and 900 were killed in Kitev, Poland when the Germans set fire to Jewish
houses on the 23rd of Nissan. On the 29th the Nazis proclaimed the Crimean
Penninsula - where 60,000 Jews had lived before the war - to be Judenrein (free of

​

any Jews); 1,000 Jews were shot in a forest nera Tamopol, Poland on the 8th of Iyar;
more than 2,800 Jews of Dunayevtsy, Ukraine were killed by the Nazis on the 15th; all
the Jews of Dokshytz, Poland were taken outside the town and killed on the 18th of
Iyar; and 2,000 from Radin, Lithuania were killed on the 23rd. Twenty-two hundred
were killed in Koretz, Poland on the 5th of Sivan (Erev Shavuot) and 2,500 were killed
in Dolhinov, Poland on the 6th (Shavuot); 1,500 were killed in Radziwillow, Poland on
the 13th; 4,000 were killed in Korbin, Poland on the 17th; and 3,000 were killed by
the Nazis in Braslav, Poland in three days commencing on the 18th of Sivan. The Nazis
accelerated the massive extermination of the Polish Jews. They had been gassing
Jews in vans by way of exhaust fumes but replaced this with more efficient systems of
gassing rooms and cremating furnaces. Trains brought 6,000 to 10,000 Polish Jews a
day to the death camps, mainly Treblinka and also Maidanek, Belzec, Sobibor,
Chelmno, and Auschwitz. The latter began operating at its peak efficiency in the
extermination of Jews (10,000 a day) on the 5th of Tammuz. On the 2nd of Tammuz
the Nazis shot at Jews escaping the ghetto in Druya, Lithuania and they set fire to the
ghetto killing all 1,500. Twenty-five hundred were killed outside Glubokoye, Poland
on the 4th of Tammuz, and the Nazis killed 5,000 Jews of Rovno, Poland on the 28th.
The first transport of Dutch Jews arrived in Auschwitz on the 3rd of Av and the Nazi
leader Heinrich Himmler himself supervised their gassing. One thousand Jews were
killed in the ghetto of Kletzk, Lithuania when the Nazis set it on fire on the 7th of Av.
The mass deportation of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto to the death camps began on
Erev Tisha B’Av at a daily rate of 5,000 or more. The Nazis lured the starving people
to the assembly points with food and promises of resettlement. Most of the Jews were
deported 100 kilometers away to the Treblinka death camp where they were killed.
More than 200 Jews were killed in Lvye, Poland on the 9th of Av; 10,000 in Minsk were
massacred on the 14th; over 5,000 of Novogrodek (Russia) were killed on the 24th;
40,000 of Lvov. (Lemberg) Poland were killed in two weeks commencing on the 27th
of Av. Seven hundred were killed in Gorlice, Poland on the 1st of Elul; 600 were killed
in Drogobych, Poland on the 4th of Elul; 17,000 were killed on a hill outside Lutzk,
Poland in five days commencing on the 6th of Elul; 1,000 were killed in Minsk-
Mazowiecki, Poland on the 8th of Elul. Five hundred (children, the sick, the elderly)
were killed in Czortkow, Poland on the 15th of Elul when thousands of other were
transported to the death camps; 4,000 Jews were killed in the prison courtyard of
Ludmir, Poland beginning on the 19th of Elul, and another 14,000 were killed within
two weeks outside of the town. One thousand were killed in Dzialoszyce, Poland and
thousands more were deported on the 21st of Elul. The Nazis killed all of the 11,000
Jews of Stolin, Russia on the 29th of Elul, (Erev Rosh HaShana) in a nearby forest.
90,000 Jews were deported from the Warsaw ghetto on Erev Rosh HaShana,
completing a total of 300,000 deportations and killings in fifty-three days. Three
thousand Jews of Baranowice, Poland-Lithuania were killed by the Nazis on the day
after Yom Kippur. The Nazis shot 300 Jewish children of the orphanage in Cracow
together with the patients of the Jewish hospital and to old age home. 6,000 were
sent ot the Belzec death camp on the 17th of Heshvan. The last 16,000 Jews in Pinsk,
Russia were killed by the Nazis on the 18th of Heshvan and the last 3,000 Jews of
Baranowice were killed on the 9th of Tevet.
1943: Two hundred and fifty children and old people were shot by the Nazis in the​

ghetto of Czestochowa, Poland on the 27th of Tevet. Hundreds of Jews were shot in
Radomsk, Poland on the 28th when they resisted the deportation of thousands to the
Treblinka death camp. Ten thousand were killed in Stanislav, Poland. Fifteen hundred
Jews of Minsk, Russia were killed by the Nazis on the 26th of Shevat; 2,500 Jews of
Buczaz, Poland were killed outside the town on the 26th and 27th; 600 women,
children and elderly were killed in the Borislav city slaughterhouse on the 11th of
Adar; 2,000 of the last Jews in the Cracow ghetto were killed on the 6th Adar 2, and
8,000 were sent to the death camps; 900 Jews were killed in the cemetery of Sambor,
Poland on the 7th. On the 8th, the Nazis began transporting the 44,000 Jews of
Salonika, Greece to the death camps; 127 Jews of Czestochowa, Poland were killed on
the 13th and 750 Jews were killed outside Skalat , Poland on the 2nd of Nissan. Six
hundred sixty Jews were killed in Skalat, Poland on the 4th of Iyar; 1,000 were killed
in the cemetery of Stry, Poland on the 17th; 3,000 were killed in the cemetery in
Tluste, Poland on the 22nd of Iyar and another 1,000 on the 3rd of Sivan. Most of the
remaining Jews in the ghetto of Lvov were killed in a six-day massacre that began on
the 18th of Sivan. Four thousand Jews of Disna, Lithuania were killed outside the
town. Five thousand Jews were killed in Kamenka Bugskaya, Poland on the 7th of
Tammuz and 500 were killed in the Jewish cemetery in Czestochowa on the fast of
the 17th of Tammuz.
1944​

: The Nazis invaded Hungary, their previous ally on the 25th of Adar, and

deportations of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz started shortly thereafter. Three
hundred thousand were killed within three months. The Nazis forced all the Jews of
the ancient community of Canea, Crete into a boat which was towed out to sea an
sunk on the 9th of Sivan. As the war turned against them, the retreating Nazis began
evacuating some of the death camps and marching inmates to other locations. Many
of the captives died on the way. The Nazis also killed many of their Jewish slave
laborers, 3,000 of them at Ponary on the 12th of Tammuz. The Nazis discovered on
the 15th of Av, the Amsterdam hideout of Anne Frank and her family and their
friends. She was a 15 years old whose diary, discovered after the war, was published
and became know internationally. She died in Bergen-Belsen during a typhus
epidemic.
1945​

​

: Nazi Germany was conquered and World War II ended. After the camps were

liberated, many surviving Jews died from weakness and disease and inability to digest
food after years of starvation.
1946​

​

: Forty-two Jews who had survived the Holocaust were killed in a pogrom in

Kielce, Poland on the 8th of Tammuz.
1947​

​

: The United Nations agrees to a plan to establish an Israeli state. The land was

to be divided between Jews and Arabs. Jerusalem was to be an international city.
Arabs in Israel (with financial support of other Arab countries) began attacking Jewish
settlements on the 17th of Kislev, the day after the United Nations partition. The
Arabs did not approve of the plan and sought to occupy as much land as possible; the
British governors of Palestine were, at best, neutral onlookers of the attacks. On the
19th of Kislev, seventy-five Jews of Aden (also under British rule) were killed in Arab
anti-Jewish riots. The Jews of Aleppo, Syria were attacked, all synagogues there were
destroyed, and 6,000 fled the country. On the 16th of Tevet a ship full of ‘illegal’
Jewish immigrants arrived in Israel and was driven away by the British.​

​

​

1948: Many Jews were killed by an exploding bomb in the center of Jerusalem on the​

12th of Adar. There were many bombings and attacks by Arabs during this time, but
British complicity was also suspected in the bombing. The State of Israel was
established. Israel was invaded by surrounding Arab countries. Later that year twenty
Jews were killed in Cairo when a bomb was thrown into the Jewish quarter on the
13th of Sivan, and over 100 were killed in sporadic riots. Jewish survivors of the
Holocaust were attacked by anti-Jewish mobs in Plungyan, Lithuania in a blood libel​

on Erev Rosh HaShana.

​

 

[Heber]

1950: The government of Iraq expelled 110,000 Jews and seized all their property.
1952: Twenty-six Jews were killed by the Russian authorities on the 21st of Av as part
of their program to eradicate Jewish religion and culture.
1956: An increasing number of Jews were being killed in Israel (1,300 by 1949) by
Arab infiltrators across the borders, many of them from Egypt.
1964: Delegates for many Arab countries met in Egypt and established the Palestinian
Liberation Organization (PLO) which was to have an army (of Palestinian Arabs) to
carry out attacks against Jews in the land of Israel. A terrorist group called Al Fatah
was independently established along the same lines as the PLO, but its fighters were
more extreme.
1969: Nine Jews were publicly executed in Damascus on the 8th of Shevat.
1970: Libya ordered the confiscation of Jewish property on the 17th of Tammuz. At
this point the PLO began a new terrorist technique, hijacking aircraft and holding the
passengers hostage until their demands were met.
1971: Ten Jews were arrested in Russia on Tish B’Av and went to jail because they
were commemorating this tragic day by visiting Babi Yar.
1972: Jewish athletes were killed by the terrorists during the Olympic Games.
1976: Arab infiltrators continued their constant attacks on Jews in Israel and around
the world
1992: On the 9th of Elul and anti-Jewish riot broke out in the Crown Heights of
Brooklyn after a black child was killed in a car accident by a member of the Jewish
community there. A young Jewish student visiting from Melbourne, Australian was
killed. For three days the police stood by as anti-Jewish rioters attacked Jews and
their property in the mixed neighborhood of blacks and Lubavitcher chasidim. The
Jews were cautious not to retaliate with violence, though much of the media
persisted in portraying the event as “Jews and blacks fighting each other.”
2000: On Oct. 24, the Palestinian Liberation Army Mufti, Sheikh Col. Nader Al-Tamini,
said in a television debate on the Qatari Arabic cable news channel Al-Jazeera that
there can be no peace with the Jews because they suck and use the blood of Arabs on
the holidays of Passover and Purim
2002: March 19, A Saudi Arabian newspaper editor issued a backhanded apology for a
column published the previous week which resurrected the medieval blood libel
against Jews by claiming they use the blood of Christian or Muslim "mature​

adolescents" to prepare special Purim pastries.



The end -unless anyone wants to add more posts from 2002 onwards...

 

[JudaicChristian]

Thank you for the history post Heber. Perhaps you can add more later.

 

[ContraMundum]

2009- Many Jews have to suffer conspiracy theory posts that mis-represent their faith at the hands of internet posters.



(BTW- good thread Heber. Can you add the anti-semitic literature episode from last year in the Ukraine please?)

 

[Heber]

Can the Mods put this above as a 'sticky' for reference purposes?

 

[Heber]

Please add further dates / details as new posts...

 

[visionary]

In Basle, Switzerland in January of 1349, the entire Jewish community, several hundred Jews, were all burnt alive in a wooden house specially constructed for the purpose on a Island in the Rhine

 

[ChavaK]

If I may ask, what is the purpose of this thread?

No doubt millions and millions of Jews have been slaughtered,
and I would think everyone on the forum here would know that.

Just wondering what the reasoning is for listing it all here....?

 

[JudaicChristian]

If I may ask, what is the purpose of this thread?

No doubt millions and millions of Jews have been slaughtered,
and I would think everyone on the forum here would know that.

Just wondering what the reasoning is for listing it all here....?

You always have those people who say that the Jews were not abused.

 

[Heber]

Chavak - I doubt that many on the forum know all this information, and we get lots of debate about events and/or dates etc. Now they are listed.

Visitors to the forum will also be able to look and learn.

I'll ask permission next time...