Aren't most of these changes just mutations or adaptations that have been recorded in the genome?
That's what evolution is ... changes in genetic expression that get passed on through generations that eventually become fixed in a population.
They don't need to give a species a new set of eyes or armoued shell. They just need to be something that improves the survival of that creature given the environment it is located in and are passed on.
When I think of evolution I envision one creature becoming an entirely different creature, not mutation or adaptation.
This is the cartoon version of evolution.
Small, successive changes are what creates new species.
Even when biologist talk about biological 'explosions' (rapid diversification events producing lots of new types creatures) like the Cambrian, these are measured in tens of millions of years.
Generally, rapid morphological changes occur in reaction to something major, like rapid changes in the environment or the development of a new evolutionary novelty opening up new 'innovation space' for species to exploit.
Heck, I adapt to the cold each winter and to the heat every summer. That's just a design feature, like becoming fat if you overeat.
Is your adaptation passed on to your offspring via genetic inheritance? Then it's not evolution. Don't confuse scientific definitions with everyday definitions (and don't blame the sciences if you do).
Wiki is always a pretty solid place to start:
Adaptation - Wikipedia
Phenotypic plasticity - Wikipedia
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