Immaculate Conception
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The doctrine
In the
Constitution Ineffabilis Deus of 8 December, 1854,
Pius IX pronounced and
defined that the
Blessed Virgin Mary "in the first instance of her conception, by a singular privilege and
grace granted by
God, in view of the
merits of
Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the
human race, was preserved exempt from all stain of
original sin."
"The Blessed Virgin Mary..."
The subject of this immunity from
original sin is the
person of
Mary at the moment of the
creation of her
soul and its infusion into her body.
"...in the first instance of her conception..."
The term
conception does not mean the
active or
generative conception by her
parents. Her body was formed in the womb of the
mother, and the
father had the usual share in its formation. The question does not concern the immaculateness of the generative activity of her
parents. Neither does it concern the passive conception absolutely and simply (
conceptio seminis carnis, inchoata), which, according to the order of
nature, precedes the infusion of the rational
soul. The
person is truly conceived when the
soul is
created and infused into the body.
Mary was preserved exempt from all stain of
original sin at the first moment of her animation, and
sanctifying grace was given to her before
sin could have taken effect in her
soul.
"...was preserved exempt from all stain of original sin..."
The formal active
essence of
original sin was not removed from her
soul, as it is
removed from others by
baptism; it was
excluded, it never was in her
soul. Simultaneously with the exclusion of
sin. The state of original
sanctity, innocence, and justice, as opposed to
original sin, was conferred upon her, by which
gift every stain and fault, all depraved emotions,
passions, and debilities, essentially pertaining to
original sin, were excluded. But she was not made exempt from the temporal penalties of
Adam -- from sorrow, bodily infirmities, and death.
"...by a singular privilege and grace granted by God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race."
The immunity from
original sin was given to
Mary by a singular exemption from a universal
law through the same
merits of
Christ, by which other
men are cleansed from
sin by
baptism.
Mary needed the
redeeming Saviour to obtain this exemption, and to be delivered from the universal
necessity and debt (
debitum) of being subject to
original sin. The
person of
Mary, in consequence of her origin from
Adam, should have been subject to
sin, but, being the new
Eve who was to be the mother of the new
Adam, she was, by the
eternal counsel of
God and by the
merits of
Christ, withdrawn from the general law of
original sin. Her
redemption was the very masterpiece of
Christ's redeeming wisdom. He is a greater redeemer who pays the
debt that it may not be incurred than he who pays after it has fallen on the debtor.
Such is the meaning of the term "Immaculate Conception."
Proof from Scripture
Genesis 3:15
No direct or categorical and stringent
proof of the
dogma can be brought forward from
Scripture. But the first
scriptural passage which contains the
promise of the
redemption, mentions also the
Mother of the Redeemer. The
sentence against the first
parents was accompanied by the Earliest Gospel (
Proto-evangelium), which put enmity between the
serpent and the
woman: "and I will put enmity between thee and the
woman and her seed; she (he) shall crush thy head and thou shalt lie in wait for her (his) heel" (
Genesis 3:15). The translation "she" of the
Vulgate is interpretative; it originated after the fourth century, and cannot be defended critically. The conqueror from the seed of the
woman, who should crush the serpent's head, is
Christ; the
woman at enmity with the
serpent is
Mary.
God puts enmity between her and
Satan in the same manner and measure, as there is enmity between
Christ and the seed of the serpent.
Mary was ever to be in that exalted state of
soul which the serpent had destroyed in
man, i.e. in
sanctifying grace. Only the continual union of
Mary with
grace explains sufficiently the enmity between her and
Satan. The Proto-evangelium, therefore, in the original text contains a direct promise of the
Redeemer, and in conjunction therewith the manifestation of the masterpiece of His
Redemption, the perfect preservation of His
virginal Mother from
original sin.
Luke 1:28
The salutation of the
angel Gabriel --
chaire kecharitomene, Hail, full of
grace (
Luke 1:28) indicates a unique abundance of
grace, a
supernatural, godlike state of
soul, which finds its explanation only in the Immaculate Conception of
Mary. But the term
kecharitomene (full of
grace) serves only as an illustration, not as a
proof of the
dogma.
Other texts
From the texts
Proverbs 8 and
Ecclesiasticus 24 (which exalt the Wisdom of
God and which in the
liturgy are applied to
Mary, the most beautiful work of
God's Wisdom), or from the
Canticle of Canticles (
4:7, "Thou art all fair, O my love, and there is not a spot in thee"), no
theological conclusion can be drawn. These passages, applied to the
Mother of God, may be readily understood by those who
know the
privilege of
Mary, but do not avail to
prove the
doctrine dogmatically, and are therefore omitted from the Constitution "Ineffabilis Deus". For the theologian it is a matter of
conscience not to take an extreme position by applying to a creature texts which might imply the prerogatives of
God.
Proof from Tradition
In regard to the sinlessness of
Mary the older
Fathers are very cautious: some of them even seem to have been in
error on this matter.
But these stray private opinions merely serve to show that
theology is a progressive
science. If we were to attempt to set forth the full
doctrine of the
Fathers on the
sanctity of the
Blessed Virgin, which includes particularly the implicit
belief in the immaculateness of her conception, we should be forced to transcribe a multitude of passages. In the testimony of the
Fathers two points are insisted upon: her absolute purity and her position as the second
Eve (cf.
1 Corinthians 15:22).
Mary as the second Eve
This celebrated comparison between
Eve, while yet immaculate and incorrupt -- that is to say, not subject to
original sin -- and the
Blessed Virgin is developed by:
- Justin (Dialogue with Trypho 100),
- Irenaeus (Against Heresies III.22.4),
- Tertullian (On the Flesh of Christ 17),
- Julius Firmicus Maternus (De errore profan. relig xxvi),
- Cyril of Jerusalem (Catecheses 12.29),
- Epiphanius (Hæres., lxxviii, 18),
- Theodotus of Ancyra (Or. in S. Deip n. 11), and
- Sedulius (Carmen paschale, II, 28).
The absolute purity of Mary
Patristic writings on Mary's purity abound.
- The Fathers call Mary the tabernacle exempt from defilement and corruption (Hippolytus, "Ontt. in illud, Dominus pascit me");
- Origen calls her worthy of God, immaculate of the immaculate, most complete sanctity, perfect justice, neither deceived by the persuasion of the serpent, nor infected with his poisonous breathings ("Hom. i in diversa");
- Ambrose says she is incorrupt, a virgin immune through grace from every stain of sin ("Sermo xxii in Ps. cxviii);
- Maximus of Turin calls her a dwelling fit for Christ, not because of her habit of body, but because of original grace ("Nom. viii de Natali Domini");
- Theodotus of Ancyra terms her a virgin innocent, without spot, void of culpability, holy in body and in soul, a lily springing among thorns, untaught the ills of Eve, nor was there any communion in her of light with darkness, and, when not yet born, she was consecrated to God ("Orat. in S. Dei Genitr.").
- In refuting Pelagius St. Augustine declares that all the just have truly known of sin "except the Holy Virgin Mary, of whom, for the honour of the Lord, I will have no question whatever where sin is concerned" (On Nature and Grace 36).
- Mary was pledged to Christ (Peter Chrysologus, "Sermo cxl de Annunt. B.M.V.");
- it is evident and notorious that she was pure from eternity, exempt from every defect (Typicon S. Sabae);
- she was formed without any stain (St. Proclus, "Laudatio in S. Dei Gen. ort.", I, 3);
- she was created in a condition more sublime and glorious than all other natures (Theodorus of Jerusalem in Mansi, XII, 1140);
- when the Virgin Mother of God was to be born of Anne, nature did not dare to anticipate the germ of grace, but remained devoid of fruit (John Damascene, "Hom. i in B. V. Nativ.", ii).
- The Syrian Fathers never tire of extolling the sinlessness of Mary. St. Ephraem considers no terms of eulogy too high to describe the excellence of Mary's grace and sanctity: "Most holy Lady, Mother of God, alone most pure in soul and body, alone exceeding all perfection of purity ...., alone made in thy entirety the home of all the graces of the Most Holy Spirit, and hence exceeding beyond all compare even the angelic virtues in purity and sanctity of soul and body . . . . my Lady most holy, all-pure, all-immaculate, all-stainless, all-undefiled, all-incorrupt, all-inviolate spotless robe of Him Who clothes Himself with light as with a garment . ... flower unfading, purple woven by God, alone most immaculate" ("Precationes ad Deiparam" in Opp. Graec. Lat., III, 524-37).
- To St. Ephraem she was as innocent as Eve before her fall, a virgin most estranged from every stain of sin, more holy than the Seraphim, the sealed fountain of the Holy Ghost, the pure seed of God, ever in body and in mind intact and immaculate ("Carmina Nisibena").
- Jacob of Sarug says that "the very fact that God has elected her proves that none was ever holier than Mary; if any stain had disfigured her soul, if any other virgin had been purer and holier, God would have selected her and rejected Mary". It seems, however, that Jacob of Sarug, if he had any clear idea of the doctrine of sin, held that Mary was perfectly pure from original sin ("the sentence against Adam and Eve") at the Annunciation.
St. John Damascene (Or. i Nativ. Deip., n. 2) esteems the
supernatural influence of
God at the generation of
Mary to be so comprehensive that he extends it also to her
parents. He says of them that, during the generation, they were filled and purified by the
Holy Ghost, and freed from sexual
concupiscence. Consequently according to the
Damascene, even the human element of her origin, the material of which she was formed, was pure and
holy. This opinion of an immaculate active generation and the
sanctity of the "conceptio carnis" was taken up by some
Western authors; it was put forward by
Petrus Comestor in his treatise against
St. Bernard and by others. Some writers even taught that
Mary was born of a
virgin and that she was conceived in a
miraculous manner when Joachim and
Anne met at the golden gate of the temple (Trombelli, "Mari SS. Vita",
Sect. V, ii, 8; Summa aurea, II, 948. Cf. also the "Revelations" of
Catherine Emmerich which contain the entire
apocryphal legend of the
miraculous conception of
Mary.
From this summary it appears that the
belief in
Mary's immunity from
sin in her conception was prevalent amongst the Fathers, especially those of the
Greek Church. The rhetorical character, however, of many of these and similar passages prevents us from laying too much stress on them, and interpreting them in a strictly literal sense. The
Greek Fathers never formally or explicitly discussed the question of the Immaculate Conception.
The conception of St. John the Baptist
A comparison with the conception of
Christ and that of St. John may serve to light both on the
dogma and on the reasons which led the Greeks to celebrate at an early
date the
Feast of the Conception of Mary.
Of these three conceptions the
Church celebrates
feasts. The
Orientals have a Feast of the Conception of St. John the Baptist (23 September), which
dates back to the fifth century; it is thus older than the Feast of the Conception of Mary, and, during the
Middle Ages, was kept also by many
Western dioceses on 24 September. The Conception of Mary is celebrated by the
Latins on 8 December; by the
Orientals on 9 December; the Conception of Christ has its
feast in the universal
calendar on 25 March. In celebrating the
feast of Mary's Conception the Greeks of old did not consider the
theological distinction of the active and the passive conceptions, which was indeed unknown to them. They did not think it absurd to celebrate a conception which was not immaculate, as we see from the Feast of the Conception of St. John. They solemnized the Conception of Mary, perhaps because, according to the
"Proto-evangelium" of St. James, it was preceded by
miraculous events (the
apparition of an
angel to Joachim, etc.), similar to those which preceded the conception of
St. John, and that of
our Lord Himself. Their object was less the purity of the conception than the
holiness and
heavenly mission of the
person conceived. In the Office of 9 December, however,
Mary, from the
time of her conception, is called beautiful, pure,
holy, just, etc., terms never used in the Office of 23 September (sc. of
St. John the Baptist). The
analogy of
St. John's sanctification may have given rise to the Feast of the Conception of Mary. If it was
necessary that the
precursor of the Lord should be so pure and "filled with the
Holy Ghost" even from his
mother's womb, such a purity was assuredly not less befitting
His Mother. The moment of
St. John's sanctification is by later writers thought to be the Visitation ("the infant leaped in her womb"), but the
angel's words (
Luke 1:15) seem to indicate a sanctification at the conception. This would render the origin of
Mary more similar to that of
John. And if the Conception of
John had its
feast, why not that of
Mary?
Proof from reason
There is an incongruity in the supposition that the flesh, from which the flesh of the
Son of God was to be formed, should ever have belonged to one who was the slave of that
arch-enemy, whose power He came on earth to destroy. Hence the axiom of Pseudo-Anselmus (
Eadmer) developed by
Duns Scotus,
Decuit, potuit, ergo fecit, it was becoming that the
Mother of the Redeemer should have been free from the power of
sin and from the first moment of her
existence;
God could give her this
privilege, therefore He gave it to her. Again it is remarked that a peculiar
privilege was granted to the
prophet Jeremiah and to
St. John the Baptist. They were sanctified in their mother's womb, because by their preaching they had a special share in the work of preparing the way for
Christ. Consequently some much higher prerogative is due to
Mary. (A treatise of
P. Marchant, claiming for St. Joseph also the
privilege of
St. John, was placed on the
Index in 1833.)
Scotus says that "the perfect
Mediator must, in some one case, have done the work of mediation most perfectly, which would not be unless there was some one
person at least, in whose regard the wrath of
God was anticipated and not merely appeased."