Follower of Christ:
Believe it or not, there really isn't a signifigant difference between the science of evolution and the science of atomic structure. (Well, actually, I'd say we're more uncertain about the exact nature of atomic structure, but that's another debate altogether.)
The theories of atomic structure are based on things we can't directly observe. We can't see an electron. How do we know they exist? Well, we see the effects these little particles have on their surroundings. We'll never be 'proven' right. (Scientific theories are by definition unprovable. They are falsifiable, however.) We just go with the best explanation for what we see in the world.
Evolution is actually easier, since it visibly occurs at a macroscopic scale (not refering to macroevolution, just stating that evolution affects visible things - Animals and plants). We SEE genetic mutations and changes. We SEE new species evolve. On the unobservable side of things, we can't see what happened in the past. But, in the exact the same manner we determine the existance of electrons, we can see the EFFECTS of past events - In this case, fossils. Fossils support the idea that the evolution we see today, among species, has been occuring for millions of years. And furthermore, that there were prior iterations of the species we see today - And common ancestors.
There's no relevant distinction here. Atomic structure? Can't see it. We see the effects, we see exists today, and we form a theory which allows us to predict what will happen in the future. Evolution? Can see it, but only in a limited manner. But the parts of it we CAN'T see are convienently recorded for us, at least partially, in the fossil record. And from this, we find evolution is the most effective theory regarding origins.
You're drawing a distinction where there is none.
(Note: You've said multiple times that you object to 'unproven' theories being taught. It seems your memory of high school science has slipped - No theory is proven. Not gravity, not relativity, not the existance of France, not evolution. We can only falsify.)