• Starting today August 7th, 2024, in order to post in the Married Couples, Courting Couples, or Singles forums, you will not be allowed to post if you have your Marital status designated as private. Announcements will be made in the respective forums as well but please note that if yours is currently listed as Private, you will need to submit a ticket in the Support Area to have yours changed.

  • CF has always been a site that welcomes people from different backgrounds and beliefs to participate in discussion and even debate. That is the nature of its ministry. In view of recent events emotions are running very high. We need to remind people of some basic principles in debating on this site. We need to be civil when we express differences in opinion. No personal attacks. Avoid you, your statements. Don't characterize an entire political party with comparisons to Fascism or Communism or other extreme movements that committed atrocities. CF is not the place for broad brush or blanket statements about groups and political parties. Put the broad brushes and blankets away when you come to CF, better yet, put them in the incinerator. Debate had no place for them. We need to remember that people that commit acts of violence represent themselves or a small extreme faction.

How do we KNOW knowledge?

essentialsaltes

Fact-Based Lifeform
Oct 17, 2011
48,408
50,797
Los Angeles Area
✟1,131,237.00
Country
United States
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Legal Union (Other)
I don't see anywhere that they are showing examples of there being more than either true or false other than undetermined. Perhaps I am not "getting" it.

If things can only be true or false, then they cannot be undetermined.

The Law of the Excluded Middle, which is an axiom of Aristotle's logic, leaves no room for undetermined.

In the case of Łukasiewicz logic, truth does not only take on values of 0 or 1 (false or true), but... "Infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic is a real-valued logic in which sentences from sentential calculus may be assigned a truth value of not only zero or one but also any real number in between (e.g. 0.25)."

There is not just true or false.
 
Upvote 0

Loudmouth

Contributor
Aug 26, 2003
51,417
6,143
Visit site
✟98,025.00
Faith
Agnostic
If things can only be true or false, then they cannot be undetermined.

The Law of the Excluded Middle, which is an axiom of Aristotle's logic, leaves no room for undetermined.

In the case of Łukasiewicz logic, truth does not only take on values of 0 or 1 (false or true), but... "Infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic is a real-valued logic in which sentences from sentential calculus may be assigned a truth value of not only zero or one but also any real number in between (e.g. 0.25)."

There is not just true or false.

The young specialist in English Lit, having quoted me, went on to lecture me severely on the fact that in every century people have thought they understood the universe at last, and in every century they were proved to be wrong. It follows that the one thing we can say about our modern "knowledge" is that it is wrong. The young man then quoted with approval what Socrates had said on learning that the Delphic oracle had proclaimed him the wisest man in Greece. "If I am the wisest man," said Socrates, "it is because I alone know that I know nothing." the implication was that I was very foolish because I was under the impression I knew a great deal.

My answer to him was, "John, when people thought the earth was flat, they were wrong. When people thought the earth was spherical, they were wrong. But if you think that thinking the earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together."

The basic trouble, you see, is that people think that "right" and "wrong" are absolute; that everything that isn't perfectly and completely right is totally and equally wrong.

Isaac Asimov, "The Relativity of Wrong"
 
Upvote 0

Oncedeceived

Senior Veteran
Jul 11, 2003
21,214
629
✟66,870.00
Gender
Female
Faith
Christian
Marital Status
Married
If things can only be true or false, then they cannot be undetermined.

The Law of the Excluded Middle, which is an axiom of Aristotle's logic, leaves no room for undetermined.

In the case of Łukasiewicz logic, truth does not only take on values of 0 or 1 (false or true), but... "Infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic is a real-valued logic in which sentences from sentential calculus may be assigned a truth value of not only zero or one but also any real number in between (e.g. 0.25)."

There is not just true or false.

Can you prove those things that are undetermined are not true or false?
 
Upvote 0

Oncedeceived

Senior Veteran
Jul 11, 2003
21,214
629
✟66,870.00
Gender
Female
Faith
Christian
Marital Status
Married
Judging by your posts, you lack this logic. You continually use logical fallacies, and shift the burden of proof. You disprove your own argument.

I have shown that you have used logical fallacies, you do not think that you have an burden of proof and you use logic that you have no explanation for. I think you disprove yours.
 
Upvote 0

Oncedeceived

Senior Veteran
Jul 11, 2003
21,214
629
✟66,870.00
Gender
Female
Faith
Christian
Marital Status
Married
That is obvious.

If a person is using sound logic, I believe most would agree, the person making the claim, should support the claim, not request another disprove their claim.

I asked for what you and loudmouth feel is evidence and how it goes to support a claim. Would you like to put that into words for me.
 
Upvote 0

bhsmte

Newbie
Apr 26, 2013
52,761
11,792
✟262,441.00
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Single
Politics
US-Others
I asked for what you and loudmouth feel is evidence and how it goes to support a claim. Would you like to put that into words for me.


You made a claim and you believe it, so you must have evidence to support it since you have innate logic, right?

So, what is the evidence you use, to believe what you believe.
 
Upvote 0

essentialsaltes

Fact-Based Lifeform
Oct 17, 2011
48,408
50,797
Los Angeles Area
✟1,131,237.00
Country
United States
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Legal Union (Other)
So this system isn't based on reality.

Now let's be careful here. All logical systems are based on axioms. The Law of the Excluded Middle is an axiom. It is not 'based on reality'. There is nothing that tells us which axioms to choose. One logic may be better than another for a particular problem.

Just as choosing the axioms on Lobachevskian geometry may be better than choosing the axioms of Euclidean geometry. Both are valid choices. And yet they give contradictory results.

There is no 'innate' geometry. There is no 'innate' logic. They are systems based on axioms, chosen for particular purposes.
 
Upvote 0

essentialsaltes

Fact-Based Lifeform
Oct 17, 2011
48,408
50,797
Los Angeles Area
✟1,131,237.00
Country
United States
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Legal Union (Other)
For instance, let's suppose we adopt the axiom of the Law of the Excluded Middle. Statements have to be either true or false. No other option is available.

Consider the statement: "If we remove one hair from the head of a woman with a full head of hair, then she still has a full head of hair."

It doesn't seem to be false. If you remove a hair, you likely wouldn't notice any difference. She has a full head of hair before and after.

So it must be true.

But if it's true, and she has a full head of hair afterwards, then you could remove another hair, and she'd still have a full head of hair afterwards.

And another, and another.

If you worked at it very hard, you will have removed all of the hair from her head. If the statement is true, then she must still have a full head of hair, even though she is bald!

That doesn't seem right. It appears this statement is neither true nor false. So perhaps our Axiom of the Excluded Middle has to be chucked out the window. Because it is not based on reality. Bald people do not have full heads of hair.

This would be a case where having a many-valued truth would probably be more helpful. After all, if you only plucked out the hairs from the left side of her head, you might well describe her as being "half bald" (or having half a full head of hair), which is like the truth value of her having a full head of hair being 0.5 (on a scale from 0 to 1).
 
Upvote 0

Kylie

Defeater of Illogic
Nov 23, 2013
15,069
5,309
✟327,545.00
Country
Australia
Gender
Female
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Married
No KTS, that is not what I am saying.

So since we obviously are not on the same page and since I am obviously trying to understand what you are talking about, why didn't you take this opportunity to clarify your position and tell me what you are talking about?

Or do you just want me to keep guessing?
 
Upvote 0

Kylie

Defeater of Illogic
Nov 23, 2013
15,069
5,309
✟327,545.00
Country
Australia
Gender
Female
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Married
[/LIST]Well we seem to agree on the foundation of the principles. So we can move on.

Yes.

Does this emergent property include logic in your hypothetical idea?

Logic is not a property. It is a process.

Its within the subject. How could we know anything was true without the ordered universe to begin the discussion of how we verify knowledge is true.

We can accept that the universe has those properties, and we do not need to enter into a discussion about HOW the universe got those properties.

If you were taking a class on car engine restoration, would you demand that the instructor teach the chemical reaction that takes place when the fuel/air mixture is burnt in the cylinders? Of course not. It is enough for the class to understand that it DOES happen without getting into the mechanics of it.

So we agree that logic and an ordered and comprehensible universe are necessary to verify what we know. Good.

I said they are the best tools. There may be others that do not work as well. Lots of people get through life without being very logical...

How do you separate how we can verify what is true if we don't consider how it is even possible? Are you claiming that we must just a priori assume the logic and order?

See above...

You said I wonder why and I asked if you did wonder why.

You: And yet the predictions science makes are accurate, I wonder why?
Me: Do you wonder why?

You: Because they are right?

Me: Begging the question.

They make predictions that are accurate...why...because they are right.

That is begging the question. They also make predictions that are not accurate. The point is that there is indeed a true and false and that is how we know knowledge.

It would be begging the question if we were checking the results against themselves. We are not. We are checking them against reality. I can come up with a scientific theory, and I can determine this theory based on data I have gathered in the past. Let's use ballistics as an example. I can look at data I gathered, in which I recorded the angle of launch, the speed the object was launched at and where it landed. Using this, I can construct a theory which allows me to predict where the object will land in other situations. But I can go out and use my theory to make predictions about things that have not happened yet. I am NOT just checking my theory against the same data I used to form the theory in the first place. I can apply the theory to the real world and TEST it.

And if the theory gives accurate information each time, it is support that the theory is correct.

How do you not get this?

Yes. Otherwise theories wouldn't be accepted and then falsified.

If they always gave accurate information, how would we have ever discovered that they were false? We discover that a theory is false BECAUSE it gives inaccurate data.

No, it is not.

Yes it is. And the funny thing is that I explained WHY it is irrelevant, and you agreed with me.

I would agree. My point was that even if it can be demonstrated to be true as in scientific theories, it has been later shown to be false. So at the time it was thought that the something was true and demonstrated to be true but then later was shown to be false when more information was available.

Did you forget what I said?

"In what situation would a person NOT be foolish to hold onto a particular viewpoint once that viewpoint has been shown to be false?"

If a person holds Belief X, and then it is demonstrated to them that Belief X is wrong, it is foolish for that person to continue thinking that Belief X is correct.

If you believe I have brown eyes, and then I show you evidence to prove that I have blue eyes, then it is foolish for you to continue to believe that I have brown eyes.

Do you agree or disagree with this? Yes or no?

How did I miss your point?

Because I was saying that things will be true regardless of whether there are any observers to know that they are true. Stars will form roughly spherical shapes, regardless of whether there is anyone to observe those stars. The freezing point of water will be zero degrees, regardless of whether there is anyone there to watch it freeze and measure the temperature.

And you didn't seem to comprehend that this was my point, and instead seemed to think I was commenting on how we can make true or false statements.

What does arrogance have to do with necessity?

I am saying that we know that A will still be A even if we weren't around to observe it, because we know that our presence is not required for A to be A. Anyone who thinks that A would NOT be A if we were absent would be arrogant.

Thus, I believe that A will still be A in the absence of me because I am not so arrogant to think my presence is required for A to be A.
 
Last edited:
Upvote 0

Kylie

Defeater of Illogic
Nov 23, 2013
15,069
5,309
✟327,545.00
Country
Australia
Gender
Female
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Married
Appeal to popularity. Fallacious argument.

No it isn't.

The claim was never made that Christianity is wrong just because lots of people don't believe it.

The claim was made:

  1. I have reached conclusion X through the use of logic, therefore my conclusion is correct.
  2. Other people have reached conclusion Y through logic.
  3. Conclusion Y is incompatible with Conclusion X, therefore they cannot both be right.
  4. I believe that Conclusion Y is wrong.
  5. Therefore, logic is capable of leading to incorrect conclusions.
  6. If logic can lead to incorrect conclusions, I cannot assume that Conclusion X is correct simply because I reached it through the use of logic.
  7. Therefore Conclusion X might be wrong.
 
Upvote 0

Kylie

Defeater of Illogic
Nov 23, 2013
15,069
5,309
✟327,545.00
Country
Australia
Gender
Female
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Married
For instance, let's suppose we adopt the axiom of the Law of the Excluded Middle. Statements have to be either true or false. No other option is available.

Consider the statement: "If we remove one hair from the head of a woman with a full head of hair, then she still has a full head of hair."

It doesn't seem to be false. If you remove a hair, you likely wouldn't notice any difference. She has a full head of hair before and after.

So it must be true.

But if it's true, and she has a full head of hair afterwards, then you could remove another hair, and she'd still have a full head of hair afterwards.

And another, and another.

If you worked at it very hard, you will have removed all of the hair from her head. If the statement is true, then she must still have a full head of hair, even though she is bald!

That doesn't seem right. It appears this statement is neither true nor false. So perhaps our Axiom of the Excluded Middle has to be chucked out the window. Because it is not based on reality. Bald people do not have full heads of hair.

This would be a case where having a many-valued truth would probably be more helpful. After all, if you only plucked out the hairs from the left side of her head, you might well describe her as being "half bald" (or having half a full head of hair), which is like the truth value of her having a full head of hair being 0.5 (on a scale from 0 to 1).

Of course, with me being a smart alec, I would first ask, "What is required for me to have a full head of hair? By what criteria do you measure it?"

And then I'd smack anyone who tries to pluck out any of my hair. :p
 
Upvote 0

bhsmte

Newbie
Apr 26, 2013
52,761
11,792
✟262,441.00
Faith
Atheist
Marital Status
Single
Politics
US-Others
No it isn't.

The claim was never made that Christianity is wrong just because lots of people don't believe it.

The claim was made:

  1. I have reached conclusion X through the use of logic, therefore my conclusion is correct.
  2. Other people have reached conclusion Y through logic.
  3. Conclusion Y is incompatible with Conclusion X, therefore they cannot both be right.
  4. I believe that Conclusion Y is wrong.
  5. Therefore, logic is capable of leading to incorrect conclusions.
  6. If logic can lead to incorrect conclusions, I cannot assume that Conclusion X is correct simply because I reached it through the use of logic.
  7. Therefore Conclusion X might be wrong.

Indeed.

We have heard once talk over and over about this logic she uses, to determine, the Christian worldview is logical and she has harped on it quite a bit.

I pointed out, if logic is the reason the Christian world view is logical, why does 2/3 of the worlds population, that also has this "innate logic" she discusses, reach a different conclusion?

It doesn't add up and clearly points to logic being flawed and or, there is something else in play to reach these religious conclusions, that does not involve logic.

You just happened to break it down much better than I.
 
Upvote 0
D

DerelictJunction

Guest
Interesting. Care to explain?

If God only went on the evidence that we have available, and ignored the knowledge He possesses, it is entirely possible the He would logically conclude that there is not enough evidence to conclude that He exists.

In fact, Paul states that exact thing when he wrote in the second letter to the Corinthians that believers walk by faith and not by sight.

Proverbs 3:5 -- Trust in the Lord with all your heart
And do not lean on your own understanding.

Hebrews 11:1 -- Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen.

Looks like the writers of the Bible are of the opinion that the evidence is lacking.
 
Upvote 0
D

DerelictJunction

Guest
Ok great! You don't believe that the Christian worldview explains logic and reason better than other views. What view do you believe explains it better?
The one with the evidence.
Perhaps the evolutionary explanation doesn't explain it better but it is at least as good.
I believe you stated that you accepted mainstream science's version of evolution and the "ascent" of Man, as long as an overt denial of God was not included in that version.
I agree that the increase in intelligence that lead to humans is entirely explainable through the natural mechanisms of evolution. That intelligence facilitated the development of logic.

The Christian position requires reliance on belief without overt evidence, which logic does not support.
Recall that logic requires initial postulates which must rely on some evidence that those postulates are true; ex: 'A is A" is a perceived truism based on the evidence from observation.
"God exists" is an initial postulate from Christianity. This postulate is not demonstrable. It is believed without evidence, yet is is an initial condition for the "logical" conclusions that result in the Christian worldview.

How can the Christian worldview explain the existence of logic better than the natural worldview when the Christian worldview rests on an initial postulate that is essentially unevidenced?
 
Upvote 0