I am assuming you mean Christian communalism or communism?
Now the Apostolic communities held property in common (Acts 2:44; Acts 4-5), but as the story of Ananias and Sapphira show, people were trying to cheat the system and gain for themselves from other's labours without fully surrendering their own possessions.
By the time we have sources again on the Christian communities in the early 2nd century, the practice had been abandoned, so likely only lasted one or two generations.
These verses however led to multiple attempts to create a communal property based Christian Commonwealth:
1: Certain Waldensian communities in 13th century Italy established communes with shared work and property, however they quickly collapsed under recriminations by members and attempts by secular lords to extract tax as well as official persecution of the Waldensian movement.
2: Next, the Taborites, a faction of the Hussites, attempted it again at Tabor in Bohemia. Based on the control of local gold mines, they declared there were no servants or masters and peasants and townsfolk worked together for the common good. At least in theory. Power remained in the hands of the townsfolk and gentry and rapidly the system broke down with certain prominent Taborite leaders monopolisong the gold supply.
The experiment ended when the Taborites faded in power after the Battle of Lipany, but lasted about 20 years. They had promised all would return to innocence, but their enemies contended the leaders abused their power and Tabor was essentially their private estate.
Both Waldensians and Hussites were proto-protestants in case you are wondering.
3: During the German Peasants War of the 16th century, under the influence of certain Zwickenau Prophets, there were attempts at communalism, but they all failed when the peasant uprisings were supressed by their lords.
4: Anabaptist Munster Rebellion of 1534-1535 came next. Anabaptist leaders were elected to Magistracies in the town of Munster, expelled their bishop and formed a communal republic with property in common.
One of their leaders, John of Leiden, then proceeded to gain more and more power and declared himself the new King David, Munster the New Jerusalem and proceeded to take 16 wives. The expelled Bishop then lead an attempt to retake the town and besieged it. While the town starved, John of Leiden lived in luxury until the city fell and the prominent leaders were tortured and executed (including John).
5: Other groups like the Shakers and Hutterites emerged that mostly emigrated to America to form communal communities there. The Shakers are functionally extinct (except for one small community of less than 5) due to their celibacy, but they survived for 200 years at least. Reports from members that left however, painted a tyranical control of all resources by certain elders.
The Hutterites developed a more democratic governance and still exist, about 42000, holding property in common.
6: The Levellers in the English Civil War attempted to establish a communal commonwealth, but efforts were unsuccesful.
7: The Plymouth colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in America had communal work on the fields and then the crop was to be divided by need. However this led to the less religious colonists shirking their work and the others stockpiling corn, resulting in severe shortages and famine. As such, the attempt was abandoned.
There are other attempts like the New Harmony colonies in New England or more modern cultic groups, but this overview is probably sufficient.
Basically, most failed because people were greedy and witheld income or goods or were lazy and did not work as hard as they should have. The other problem was the tendency for these communities to concentrate all control of their property in a few leaders hands leading to tyranical leaderships and corruption. Lastly, they frequently developed strange beliefs such as wives in common or polygamy or such, usually under the influence of their leaders (Joseph Smith of Mormonism also attempted to form a communal group originally).
Another factor is outside pressure to conform to the necessities of property based societies.
Not all is doom and gloom though, amongst the Hutterites it appears to work reasonably well, no worse than individual property surely. They are a agrarian based society though, so I am unaware of any non-farming communes that were succesful.
But most groups that tried it, failed on account of human greed and sin. An unregulated community is a problem though, I doubt it will last long.
