That's an interesting point. When reason and conscience conflict there's likely to be cognitive dissonance - and if one's adopted moral philosophy suggests a third direction, it's no wonder we get confused... Perhaps this is one reason why we can be comfortable despite holding conflicting beliefs - as long as you don't focus on the conflict, everything is fine.
And yet moral philosophy is built on reason (and also conscience if it is thought to be distinct from reason), so hopefully the divergence isn't too drastic.
Yes, well put. It just put me in mind of the difficulties utilitarians have had in defining 'the sum of human happiness' and squaring that with with the less desirable consequences of attempting that goal.
True. Happiness-based ethical systems seem to be the most intuitive and compelling, but modern systems like Consequentialism come from an individualistic standpoint and therefore always run up against the question of individual happiness vs. common happiness. What is needed is a robust account of the common good and the way in which the individual participates.
Aristotle avoids excessive normativity, but I think he also has an attractive understanding of the common good. It starts with his understanding that man is a social animal who belongs, by nature, in the
polis. He isn't conceived simply as an individual, largely because the human intellect and specialization provide a natural ground for societal life. The
polis is thus a truly common good. Each man's flourishing depends on the
polis, and the flourishing of the
polis depends on each man.
But unlike communism, the common good is not something apart from the good of the individual members, nor is it a mere sum as Consequentialism would have it. It is a common good privately partaken of by each member. Think of a keg of beer. Each person at the party drinks of the keg and derives personal enjoyment from the beer. But his enjoyment is not found solely in the beer, but also in the keg considered precisely as common. His joy is increased by the knowledge that others are enjoying the common good, they share in this good/joy together, and the more the merrier. ...until the kegs run dry, as do finite goods.
...but I digress. Consequentialism fails both in the way it conceives happiness and in its individualistic premises.