From Sicily came Illyrius, Celtus and Galas

Ligurian

Cro-Magnon
Apr 21, 2021
3,589
536
America
✟22,234.00
Country
United States
Faith
Pagan
Marital Status
Private
From Sicily came Illyrius, Celtus and Galas

"According to the Illyrian Wars of Appian, Illyrius was the son of the Cyclops Polyphemus and his wife Galatea with siblings Celtus and Galas. The children of Polyphemus all migrated from Sicily and ruled over the peoples named after them, the Celts, the Illyrians, and the Galatians. This particular genealogy was most likely composed by the ancient Greek founders of Epidamnus (Corinthians and Corcyrans) and preserved in Appian's work."
Illyrius - Wikipedia

"The earliest mentions of the Bryges are contained in the historical writings of Herodotus, who relates them to Phrygians, stating that according to the Macedonians, the Bryges "changed their name" to Phryges after migrating into Anatolia, a movement which is thought to have happened between 1200 BC and 800 BC perhaps due to the Bronze Age collapse, particularly the fall of the Hittite Empire and the power vacuum that was created."
Bryges - Wikipedia

Bryges/Broges/Briges in Gaul
List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes - Wikipedia

Large, detailed map
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Droysens_Hist_Handatlas_S16_Gallien.jpg

"They say that the country [Illyria] received its name from Illyrius, the son of Polyphemus; for the Cyclops Polyphemus and his wife, Galatea, had three sons, Celtus, Illyrius, and Galas, all of whom migrated from Sicily; and the nations called Celts, Illyrians, and Galatians took their origin from them. Among the many myths prevailing among many peoples this seems to me the most plausible. Illyrius had six sons, Encheleus, Autarieus, Dardanus, Mædus, Taulas, and Perrhæbus, also daughters, Partho, Daortho, Dassaro, and others, from whom sprang the Taulantii, the Perrhæbi, the Enchelees, the Autarienses, the Dardani, the Partheni, the Dassaretii, and the Darsii. Autarieus had a son Pannonius, or Pæon, and the latter had sons, Scordiscus and Triballus, from whom nations bearing similar names were derived."
Appianus, Illyrian Wars | Exploring Celtic Civilizations

Racial photographs from the Egyptian monuments, Dardanians, p. 36
By W. M. Flinders Petrie
Racial photographs from the Egyptian monuments : Petrie, W. M. Flinders

"The present mode of stating the matter may be quoted from Dr. Walter Leaf's Troy, 16 f., or in his recent book on Homer and History. I quote the latter, 72 f.: "The Dardanians who founded the Troy of the Mycenaean age were — and this is hardly questioned now — a branch of that Phrygian stock, who were themselves sharers in the great thrust of the nations from the north. The Phrygian language was closely akin to the Greek, and the two nations had doubtless come down together, or nearly at the same time, from the Danube valley. The Dardanians had taken the southeastern road, while the Achaeans passed on southwestwards." Two closely related tribes of the Phrygian stock that settled in the Danube valley appear in the earliest European record, and do not disappear from history until after the Slavic invasion of the seventh century a.d."
The Wanderings of Dardanus and the Dardani : Macurdy, Grace Harriet

"First of all, then, it is generally agreed that when Troy was taken vengeance was wreaked upon the other Trojans, but that two, Aeneas and Antenor, were spared all the penalties of war by the Achivi, owing to long-standing claims of hospitality, and because they had always advocated peace and the giving back of Helen. They then experienced various vicissitudes. Antenor, with a company of Eneti who had been expelled from Paphlagonia in a revolution and were looking for a home and a leader —for they had lost their king, Pylaemenes, at Troy—came to the inmost bay of the Adriatic. There, driving out the Euganei, who dwelt between the sea and the Alps, the Eneti and Trojans took possession of those lands. And in fact the place where they first landed is called Troy, and the district is therefore known as Trojan, while the people as a whole are called the Veneti. Aeneas, driven from home by a similar misfortune, but guided by fate to undertakings of greater consequence, came first to Macedonia; thence was carried, in his quest of a place of settlement, to Sicily; and from Sicily laid his course towards the land of Laurentum. This place too is called Troy. Landing there, the Trojans, as men who, after their all but immeasurable wanderings, had nothing left but their swords and ships, were driving booty from the fields, when King Latinus and the Aborigines, who then occupied that country, rushed down from their city and their fields to repel with arms the violence of the invaders."--Livy, The History of Rome
Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 1, chapter 1

"According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1136), he led the descendants of the Trojans who fled with Antenor after the Trojan War and settled on the coasts of the Tyrrhenian Sea. After Brutus, a descendant of the Trojan prince Aeneas, had been exiled from Italy and liberated the enslaved Trojans in Greece, he encountered Corineus and his people, who joined him in his travels. In Gaul, Corineus provoked a war with Goffarius Pictus, king of Aquitania, by hunting in his forests without permission, and killed thousands single-handedly with his battle-axe. After defeating Goffarius, the Trojans crossed to the island of Albion, which Brutus renamed Britain after himself."
Corineus - Wikipedia
History of Britain: Text
Neglected British history, by W.M. Flinders Petrie

"When they had revictualled their ships, they made sail for the Columns of Hercules, where they saw many of the monsters of the deep called Sirens, which surrounded the ships and well-nigh overwhelmed them. Howbeit, they made shift to escape, and came to the Tyrrhene sea, where they found nigh the shore four generations born of the exiles from Troy, who had borne Antenor company in his flight. … Then came they to Aquitaine, and entering into the mouth of the Loire, cast anchor there. Here they abode seven days and explored the lie of the land. Goffarius Pictus then ruled in Aquitaine, and was King of the country … he re-embarked, and with a prosperous wind sought out the promised island, where he landed at last in safety at Totnes. At that time the name of the island was Albion, and of none was it inhabited save only of a few giants."--Geoffrey of Monmouth, Histories of the Kings of Britain

"There are certain persons in Cambria, whom you will find nowhere else, called Awenyddion... These prophets are found only among those Britons who are descended from the Trojans."
--Giraldus Cambrensis, Description of Wales

"The three National Pillars of the Isle of Britain. First, Hu Gadarn, [Hu the Mighty], who originally conducted the nation of the Cymry into the Isle of Britain. They came from the Summer-Country, which is called Deffrobani, (that is, the place where Constantinople now stands), and it was over the Hazy Sea, [the German Ocean], that they came to the Isle of Britain, and to Llydaw, [Armorica], where they continued.

The three Social Tribes of the Isle of Britain. The first was the nation of the Cymry, that came with Hu the Mighty into the isle of Britain, because he would not possess lands and dominion by fighting and pursuit, but through justice and in peace. The second was the tribe of the Lloegrwys [Loegrians], that came from the land of Gwasgwyn [Gascony], being descended from the primitive nation of the Cymry. The third were the Brython, who came from the land of Armorica, having their descent from the same stock with the Cymry. These were called the three Tribes of Peace, on account of their coming, with mutual consent, in peace and tranquillity: and these three tribes were descended from the original nation of the Cymry, and were of the same language and speech. "
The Triads No. II

"When and how did Keltic cease to be spoken in north Italy? That a Keltic dialect was spoken there before Latin is certain, and the general character of that Keltic dialect is also well known; that is to say, it belonged to that branch of Keltic known as p-Keltic, because it substituted, in part, labial plosives for the older Indo-European labio-velar plosives and also for the combination ku. Thus, like Welsh and Cornish ebol (b for older p), we have Keltic epo- in north Italy (Eporedia, Epona) in contrast with Irish ech, Venetic e.kupethari.s., ecupetaris, or even Umbrian ekvine."
--Whatmough, Dialects of Ancient Gaul

"It is possible that the Sicels and the Sicani of the Iron Age had consisted of an Illyrian population who (as with the Messapians) had imposed themselves on a native, Pre-Indo-European ("Mediterranean") population. Thucydides and other classical writers were aware of the traditions according to which the Sicels had once lived in Central Italy, east and even north of Rome. Thence they were dislodged by Umbrian and Sabine tribes, and finally crossed into Sicily. Their social organization appears to have been tribal, economically and agriculturally. According to Diodorus Siculus, after a series of conflicts with the Sicani, the river Salso was declared the boundary between their respective territories.
The common assumption is that the Sicels were more recent arrivals, had introduced the use of iron into Bronze Age Sicily and brought the domesticated horse.[citation needed] That would date their arrival on the island to the early 1st millennium BC. However, there is some evidence that the ethnonym may predate the Iron Age, based on the name Shekelesh given to one of the Sea Peoples in the Great Karnak Inscription in the 5th year of Merneptah's reign (c. 1207 BC). The name Shekelesh is also cited in a wall relief at Medinet Habu (Ramses III mortuary temple), with picture and writings describing the second invasion within a 30 years' period by the "sea peoples" in the 8th year of Ramses III's reign (1177 BC or 1186 BC, historians differ between these two dates). Eric Cline closely relates these two attacks on Egypt to the beginning of the Late Bronze Age collapse. Archaeological evidence points towards the Sicels' arrival on the island between the thirteenth and eleventh century BC."--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicels

"Shekelesh of the countries of the sea", Sicels of Sicily.
"Sherden of the sea", Sardinians (with the Nuraghe, round towers)
"Teresh of the sea", Tyrhennians.
--de Rouge, Sea Peoples

The Thalassocracies, who ruled the sea, from the missing books of Diodorus.
Eusebius: Chronicle (2) - translation

"From the fall of Troy (1172 B.C., according to Eusebios):
1. The Lydians or Maionians ruled the sea for 92 years (1172-1080)
2. Pelasgians, 85 years (1080-995)
3. Thracians, 79 years (995-916)
4. Phrygians, 25 years (916-891)
5. Rhodians, 23 years (891-868)
6. Cyprians, 33 years, (868-835)
7. Phoenicians, 45 years (835-790)
Working backwards from the last entry, we naturally find no difficulty in accepting the tradition of a Phoenician seapower at the end of the ninth century. Indeed, the only surprise is that this "thalassocracy" lasts no longer than it does. From the way in which Greek writers from Homer onwards represent Phcenicians as almost monopolizing Aegean trade before the rise of Miletos, one might expect their command of the sea to cover the whole of the dark age from the tenth century to the eighth.
Of the next power named--that of Cyprus--we know nothing relevant. Of the next, the Rhodians, one is not surprised to hear nautical prowess predicated at any time.
[58]
Strabo gives some details, probably from Kastor's account, of just such a "thalassocracy", when Rhodian mariners sailed far afield "many years before the foundation of the Olympic Games". But the idea of a Phrygian sea-power is astonishing, and Greek literature contains no other allusion to any such thing.
The three earliest entries, partly perhaps because we have a few other allusions to them, are still more puzzling.
One does not instinctively think of the Thracians as a nautical people, but there are various tales of their raiding by sea in early times, such as the story of Eumolpos, who invaded Attica from the sea side and helped the men of Eleusis against Erechtheus, king of Athens; or of Butes, son of the North Wind, whose piratical squadron raided Euboia and the coast of Thessaly, and whose descendants occupied Naxos for two hundred years 'before the Karians held it". And Samothrace is already "the Thracian Samos" in the Iliad.
But a difficulty arises; all these raids are explicitly dated before the Trojan War; for the Karian occupation of the Cyclades comes traditionally very soon after the war, and the Thracians had then already abandoned Naxos, owing to drought.
And so it is with the next entry.
About the Pelasgoi the air was already so thick with theories in ancient times that it is very difficult to make any statement about them that is not open to question. Originally they seem to have been a pre-Hellenic tribe (if Herodotos is right in his account of their language as spoken in his day) whose home was in the northern regions of Greece. Here was the only Pelasgian Land", Pelasgiotis, known to history; here was the Pelasgian Argos; and not so very far away was the sacred place of the "Pelasgian Zeus" of Dodona to whom Achilles prayed. In these regions they must have been neighbours of the first Achaians, who, by the time when the Catalogue of Ships in Iliad II was drawn up, appear to have taken complete possession both of lands, town, and shrine. Nothing of the Pelasgoi remains in Homer's Greece except their name, so far as our information goes; the Pelasgoi themselves seem to have
[59]
been pushed by gradual encroachments into the sea. But they were not extinct; they had taken to the sea under pressure of necessity, as any vigorous and virile race will, and Homer speaks of colonies of them in Crete and (apparently) in the Troad, in the latter of which regions they take their opportunity of striking a blow for King Priam against their old enemies the Achaioi. Fifth century historians knew of them also near Kyzikos, in Lemnos, Imbros, and Samothrace, in the peninsula of Chalkidike, and between the Strymon and the Axios rivers. Such a distribution of the scattered fragments of their nation is in itself sufficient testimony to their activity by sea.
There are also stories of Pelasgoi in Attica, and in Boiotia, the former of which is told with much circumstance by Herodotos and was believed by Thucydides; but it contains some suspicious features and may be a myth. It should be remembered that both these writers are deeply influenced by the "Pelasgian Theory" which can be traced back as far as the Hesiodic poets, and which equated Pelasgoi with "pre-Hellenic people" in general. Accordingly Hesiod or a poet of his school makes their eponym Pelasgos a hero of the aboriginal people of primitive Arkadia. It was a very natural theory to adopt with reference to a people who had anticipated the Greeks in so many regions; but it was a most fruitful source of misconceptions.
A Pelasgian "thalassocracy" in the Dark Age after the Trojan War is not impossible; but it would fall more naturally at an earlier date after they had taken to the sea and set out to conquer new homes, but before their nation was broken into fragments.
So we come to the "Lydian or Maionian" entry at the beginning of the list.
[60]
If this is indeed to be placed immediately after the Trojan War, it must be clearly identified with that development of sea-power on the Asian Coast which other Greek historians preferred to call Karian. This thalassocracy must in any case have been short-lived, since it was brought to an end by the great outpouring of people from Greece which founded Aidlis and Ionia. But if we are not to suppose that the Karian and Maionian sea-powers are alternative versions of the same thing, then the only Greek tradition of "Lydian" sea-power with which we are left are those concerning the migration of the Etruscans."
--A. R. Burn, Minoans, Philistines and Greeks


Now... according to Herodotos, the legendary King Kar, son of Zeus and Creta, founded Caria and named it after him, and his brothers Lydos and Mysos founded Lydia and Mysia.

But the question remains... who spoke Celtic?
 
  • Informative
Reactions: lismore

Ligurian

Cro-Magnon
Apr 21, 2021
3,589
536
America
✟22,234.00
Country
United States
Faith
Pagan
Marital Status
Private
Archaeological evidence points towards the Sicels' arrival on the island between the thirteenth and eleventh century BC."--https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicels

"Avienus makes only one direct reference to the Celts when he mentions that beyond the tin-producing Oestrymnides was a land now occupied by the Celts, who took it from the Ligurians."
--Cunliffe, Ancient Celts

"Strabo reports of Posidonius ... 'The Cassiterides are ten in number, and lie near each other in the ocean, towards the north from the haven of the Artabri: one of them is desert, but the others are inhabited by men in black cloaks, clad in tunics reaching to the feet, and girt about the breast; walking with staves, and bearded like goats. They subsist by their cattle, leading for the most part a wandering life. And having metals of tin and lead, these and skins they barter with the merchants for earthenware and salt, and brazen vessels.' ...
Solinus ... states that 'a stormy channel separates the coast which the Damnonii occupy from the island Silura, whose inhabitants preserve the ancient manners, reject money, barter merchandise, value what they require by exchange rather than by price, worship the gods, and both men and women profess a knowledge of the future.'...
Firbolg and Firdomnan harmonises very singularly with the legendary accounts of the tin workers of Cornwall and the tin islands. It is not difficult to recognise in the tradition that the Firbolg derived their name from the leathern sacks which they filled with soil, and with which they covered their boats, and the Firdomnan from the pits they dug, the people who worked the tin by digging in the soil and transporting it in bags to their hide-covered boats."
--Skene, Celtic Scotland,v1

"The wide extension of the Ligues westward is in agreement with the language of Eratosthenes. According to Strabo (2. i. 40, p. 92) this old geographer taught that there were three forelands projecting from the north--the Peloponnesian, the Italian, and the Ligurian--between the first and second of which lay the Adriatic, and between the second and third the Tyrrhenian Sea. When we remember the high reputation and the real merits of Eratosthenes, it is astonishing how little attention has been [83] drawn to the fact that he calls the Spanish peninsula the Ligurian."
--Guest, Origines Celticae, v1

"Bertrand and Reinach both maintain the pre-Celtic origin of Druidism."
--Wright, Druidism the Ancient Faith of Britain

"The monuments we call Druidical, must be appropriated, exclusively, to the Aborigines of the midland, and western divisions. They are found in such corners, and fastnesses, as have, in all ages, and countries, been the last retreat of the conquered, and the last that are occupied by the victorious.… they perpetually occur, from Cornwall to Cumberland:"--Davies, Celtic Researches

"the doctrine and institutes of the primitive system are invariably written in the Silurian dialect."
--Williams, Ecclesiastical Antiquities of the Cymry

"their language is quite distinct from that of the three Gallic inscriptions of Italy (of Novara, Todi and Zignago) as well as from that of the fairly numerous Gallic inscriptions of Gaul proper."
--Whatmough, Lepontic Inscriptions and the Ligurian Dialect

"Besides the Etruscans and Gauls, we hear in the historical period of another people, who not only maintained themselves in the mountainous region of which Genoa may be regarded as the centre, but in all North-Western Italy and in South-Western France. These are the people known to the Roman writers as Ligures, and to the Greeks as Ligyes. As they occupy the same mountainous area as that assigned to the Aborigines by Dionysius, and as Philistus of Syracuse says that the Ligyes were expelled from their homes by the Umbrians, there is no doubt that the Aborigines of Dionysius and Cato are none other than the Ligyes or Ligurians of Philistus and other writers."
--Ridgeway, Who Were the Romans?
Who were the Romans? : Sir William Ridgeway

"The extension of this non-Aryan race through France, Spain, and Britain, in ancient times, based solely on the evidence of the human remains, is confirmed by an appeal to the ethnology of Europe within the historic period. In the Iberian peninsula the Basque populations of the west are defined from the Celtic of the east by the Celtiberi inhabiting the modern Castille (see Map, Fig. 68). In Gaul the province of Aquitania extended as far north, in Caesar's time, as the river Garonne, constituting the modern Gascony, to which was added, in the days of Augustus, the district between that river and the Loire; a change of frontier that was probably due to the predominance of Basque blood in a mixed race in that area similar to the Celtiberi of Castille. The Aquitani were surrounded on every side, except the south, by the Celtae, extending as far north as the Seine, as far to the east as Switzerland and the plains of Lombardy, and southwards, through the valley of the Rhone and the region of the Volcae, over the Eastern Pyrenees into Spain. The district round the Phocaean colony of Marseilles was inhabited by Ligurian tribes, who held the region between the river Po and the Gulf of Genoa, as far as the western boundary of Etruria, and who probably extended to the west along the coast of Southern Gaul as far as the Pyrenees. They were distinguished from the Celtae, not merely by their manners and customs, but by their small stature and dark hair and eyes, and are stated by Pliny and Strabo to have inhabited Spain. They have also left marks of their presence in Central Gaul in the name of the Loire (Ligur), and possibly in Britain in the obscure name of the Lloegrians. They invaded Sicily as the Sikelians, and if the latter be identified with the Sikanians considered by Thucydides and other writers to be of Iberian stock, it will follow that they are a cognate race. Their stature and swarthy complexion, as well as the ancient geographical position conterminous with the Iberic population of Gaul and Spain, confirm this conclusion. The non-Aryan and probably Basque population of Gaul was therefore cut into two portions by a broad band of Celts, which crosses the Eastern Pyrenees, and marks the route by which the Iberian peninsula was invaded."
--Dawkins, Cave Hunting
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cave Hunting, by W. Boyd Dawkins.
Distribution of Basque, Celtic, and Belgic Peoples, at dawn of History
 
Last edited:
Upvote 0

Ligurian

Cro-Magnon
Apr 21, 2021
3,589
536
America
✟22,234.00
Country
United States
Faith
Pagan
Marital Status
Private
"At this point therefore it will be necessary to examine the conditions under which (1) a conquered people adopt the language of their conquerors; (2) a conquering people adopt the language of the conquered, and (3) a people, themselves unconquered, adopt the language of their neighbours.
If Hoffmann be right, Arcadia and Cyprus fall under the last head, and if it shall turn out that peoples so situated as were the Arcadians and Cypriotes, do not adopt the language of their neighbours, then we must resolutely resist all attempts to reckon Arcadian as an Achean dialect; and, as a consequence of this, we must regard the Aeolic dialect of Thessaly not as the original Achean speech, but as the tongue of the pre-Achean inhabitants of Pelasgiotis.
Let us start by inquiring into the conditions under which the conquering adopt the language of a conquered race.
Some good examples are at hand in modern times, and therefore the facts about them can be ascertained with precision.
After his victorious campaign in Ireland, Cromwell planted large bodies of his English soldiers in Tipperary in the north of Munster. The object of this plantation was to carry out in the south of Ireland what had been already accomplished in the north by the Plantation of Ulster in 1612. Cromwell's Ironsides settled in Tipperary resembled the military colonies planted by the Romans on the borders of the ever-extending empire to keep in check newly conquered tribes, rather than the English settlements in Ulster and the colonies which at that very time were being rapidly developed on the Atlantic seaboard of North America. The Plantation of Ulster had been carried out by settlers who brought with them wives of their own race speaking the same tongue. But the Cromwellian soldiers had no English women, and thus took as wives the daughters of the land, who spoke the Irish language and held the Roman Catholic form of religion.
From this union resulted a splendid offspring in which the physique and courage of the Ironsides can be seen to this day. But the children spoke chiefly the language of their Irish [648] mothers and not their fathers' English. So it came to pass that in a generation the progeny of Cromwell's English Puritans were in language and religion as Irish as the purest blooded aboriginal of Munster. Only a remnant remained English, and these were chiefly of the better class, who had never lost their connection with England or the parts of Ireland in which the English language had a sure foothold. We must not overlook the effect which the reading of books in the English tongue, such as the Authorised Version of the Bible, must have exerted in counteracting the tendency to adopt the Irish language, and also the fact that with an exception during the brief reign of James II. the Protestant form of faith was always dominant.
Let us now go back five hundred years in Irish history to the time of the Norman conquest that followed on the expedition of Gilbert de Clare, surnamed Strongbow, in 1171. He married Eva, daughter of Dermot Macmorrough, king of Leinster, and his example was followed generally by the Normans. It is a matter of common knowledge that the Anglo-Norman settlers in a short time became, in the words of Giraldus Cambrensis, Hibermiores ipsis Hibernis. Not only did Irish become their language, but the Norman names were translated into Irish; thus FitzUrse became MacMahon, or else the patronymic fitz was ch,inged into the Irish mac and so FitzMaurice became MacMorris. Irish clans bearing the names of ClanWilliam and ClanRicarde derived their names respectively from the great Norman warriors William de Burgo and Richard de Burgo."
--Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, v1
 

Attachments

  • Dawkins,Fig.68.jpg
    Dawkins,Fig.68.jpg
    222.3 KB · Views: 20
Last edited:
Upvote 0