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Evolution, Science, Creation

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Robert the Pilegrim

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shernren said:
Nope. Just because life is very old doesn't mean humanity is / has to be very old. I'm one of those few TEs you'll find here who believe in a paradisal Adam - that there was a real Adam, and Eve, and all those others, fooling around in the Mediterranean some 6-10K years ago. So far I'm pretty lousy with archeology especially hominid history so I'm entitled to ignorance :p
The archeological and other evidence suggests you need to push back your date for Adam et al to at least 40,000 years ago, possibly significantly farther back than that.

It also suggests that humanity started in Africa proper then moved to the fertile crescent (sp?).

In response to something Edmond said, even if Adam was the first human, does not imply that he did not have a biological father. God may have altered him (imparted a soul into him?) at some point from conception onward.
 
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ManofWar

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I feel stupid. I’m sorry everybody, I meant “spontaneous generation,” rather than “spontaneous evolution.” I know this is not part of evolution that is why I am going to avoid it, though it does pose a problem to capital E, Evolution (Big Bang to present).



Now back to business. Gluadys, your reply was much was very clear, and to the point (no sarcasm). I thank you for that, now I believe we can possibly make some progress. From now on I will probably post a message every other day rather than each day (time constraints).


gluadys: A succinct but accurate definition of evolution itself is "a change in the proportional distribution of alleles in a population gene pool which transcends generations."

This definition is equally applicable to micro-evolution (in a species) and macro-evolution (speciation and beyond).



I would like to insert some quotes here that I have found in modern textbooks:



“evolution a change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next; the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life” Holt Biology, Teacher’s Ed., Johnson and Raven, 2004, pg. 1090



“evolution (L. evolvere, to unfold) Genetic change in a population of organisms; in general, evolution leads to progressive change from simple to complex.” Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, Glossary G-5



“macroevolution The creation of new species and the extinction of old ones.” Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, Glossary G-8



“microevolution Refers to the evolutionary process itself. Evolution within a species. Also called adaptation” Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, Glossary G-9



These are not meant to stir up controversy or to prove a point, but rather so that we can see what is being taught in public schools.


gluadys:The mechanisms which produce this change in the proportional distribution of alleles include mutation, random assortment of genes in meiosis, variation, ecological pressures, differential reproductive success, genetic drift and other impacts on gene flow. Add in isolation factors and the outcome will not only be change in the species, but speciation i.e. the production of new species. The rest is history. And the history of evolution is described in the twin-nested hierarchy of phylogeny i.e. common descent.




This is where I would like to focus. This is a good paragraph describing what I believe this debate is all about. Are the mutations, random assortment of genes in meiosis, variation, ecological pressures, differential reproductive success, genetic drift and other impacts on gene flow, enough to take life from a bacteria 100,000 base pairs, in its DNA, to humans with 3.2 billion base pairs in their DNA. Now rather than looking at it in such a huge spectrum, let us focus on just one event taking 100,000 base pairs and adding more information(more meaningful sets of nucleotides). Not a lot more information, but information that would increase an organisms survivability rather than being a detriment to its survival.



Do these mechanisms (listed above), which are claimed to produce evolution, really work to add new information.



Random assortment of genes in meiosis – though this does create tremendous variety within a population, this does not add new information.

Variation – this may be a result of evolution, but I don’t know see how it can be claimed as a mechanism for evolution.

Ecological pressures – by this I assume you mean pressure within an ecosystem allowing natural selection to take its toll leaving behind those most fit for survival. Though this does assist in the preservation of added information, it does not create the new information.

Differential reproductive success – I am unfamiliar with this concept, so I am not sure where it plays its role, though I suspect it is another principle that may be part of keeping information. Please explain further.



We are left with mutations – the common “culprit” for the adding of new information. I don’t think mutations could do it. We see many mutations today, yet none that would support evolution of new species. We see no additional information. Mutations are almost always negative, but can also be neutral. Though many claim beneficial mutations such as sickle-cell anemia or bacterial resistance to antibiotics, these are still harmful to the organism when amongst a population with the correct alleles.



To back up my claim I quote Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, pg. 426:



“…mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation and thus makes evolution possible.”



These are not my words, but rather this is what is in public school textbooks. If mutations don’t work to add information then evolution just doesn’t work. Mutation is the beam holding up the evolution bridge, if this beam breaks, the whole bridge falls. Will the beam hold up?

.

gluadys: Given what we know of the processes of reproduction, once life exists, evolution is inevitable.



I am curious, is there anything I can possibly say that would change your mind, or do you believe evolution as fact?



Hold the fort.



p.s. I’m quite sure, now that you have made it to the end of the post, you probably disagree with me using “adding new information” so much. I stand by this claim. Though genetic change can occur without additional information, in order to get from 100,000 base pairs to 3.2 billion, information must be added. Notice the quote from the textbook:



“evolution leads to progressive change from simple to complex”



That is additional information.
 
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gluadys

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ManofWar said:
I feel stupid. I’m sorry everybody, I meant “spontaneous generation,” rather than “spontaneous evolution.” I know this is not part of evolution that is why I am going to avoid it, though it does pose a problem to capital E, Evolution (Big Bang to present).


Well spontaneous generation doesn't play any part in evolution either, since it doesn't happen, so we can still ignore it.




“evolution a change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next; the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life” Holt Biology, Teacher’s Ed., Johnson and Raven, 2004, pg. 1090

The only quibble I would have with this one is that it should say "species" where it says "organisms". Organisms as such do not evolve. Or it should say, as the one below does, "a population of organisms".



“evolution (L. evolvere, to unfold) Genetic change in a population of organisms; in general, evolution leads to progressive change from simple to complex.” Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, Glossary G-5

Pretty much ok. The change from simple to complex is common; since life did start simple it had no other direction to take. But somewhere it should establish that this is not a necessary direction. There are many examples in nature of evolution resulting in simplification rather than more complexity.

“macroevolution The creation of new species and the extinction of old ones.” Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, Glossary G-8



“microevolution Refers to the evolutionary process itself. Evolution within a species. Also called adaptation” Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, Glossary G-9


No problem with either of these. I am glad to see that the second equates evolution with adaptation. You would be surprised how many people think adaptation is not evolution.



This is where I would like to focus. This is a good paragraph describing what I believe this debate is all about. Are the mutations, random assortment of genes in meiosis, variation, ecological pressures, differential reproductive success, genetic drift and other impacts on gene flow, enough to take life from a bacteria 100,000 base pairs, in its DNA, to humans with 3.2 billion base pairs in their DNA.


And those are present-day bacteria. Their ancestors probably had far fewer base pairs. But given 3.8 billion years in which to add more, I see no problem with increasing the volume of DNA. And humans are not at a pinnacle here. Many species have a lot more base pairs than humans. Humans are about average among complex species.

Now rather than looking at it in such a huge spectrum, let us focus on just one event taking 100,000 base pairs and adding more information(more meaningful sets of nucleotides). Not a lot more information, but information that would increase an organisms survivability rather than being a detriment to its survival.

One of the difficulties with this sort of proposal is that there is no equivalence between numbers of base pairs and meaningful information. It might be possible to add 100,000 base pairs and have no meaningful difference or add a single base pair and have a significant meaningful difference. Just what "information" means in terms of genes is not at all clear yet.



Do these mechanisms (listed above), which are claimed to produce evolution, really work to add new information.

The short answer is "yes". Despite the difficulties of making actual measurements of information, it is known that some genetic changes do add information.

Random assortment of genes in meiosis – though this does create tremendous variety within a population, this does not add new information.

That is correct. "new information" is added only by mutations. Note, however, that there would be no possibility of random assortment creating variation if mutation had not occured at some point in the organism's genetic lineage. Without a background of mutation, the organism would be homozygous for all genes, and a clone of its ancestors--as would all other organisms with the same ancestors.

Another point to be made, is that the generation of new alleles by mutation does not necessarily require new information. A deletion of a base pair or a longer sequence of DNA is just as effective at producing a variant gene as an addition of DNA is. Also, some mutations, such as point substitutions, or transpositions change the gene without changing the amount of information. The amount of information in this case is constant, though the "message" is different. In short, the focus on "new information" is too narrow. Any meaningful change in information is grist for variation.

Variation – this may be a result of evolution, but I don’t know see how it can be claimed as a mechanism for evolution.

Variation is not a result of evolution. It is a pre-requisite. I name it to make sure that people are clear that mutation is not equivalent to variation. Much mutation does not produce variation. It is only that fraction of mutation that does impact the morphology, physiology, behaviour, etc. of a population that is relevant to evolution. Only when mutation produces variation is there a possibility of selection and evolution.

We should also note that while mutation is a pre-requisite for variation and variation is a pre-requisite for evolution, variation may exist without producing evolution, just as mutation may exist without producing variation. When several variations exist in a population in stable proportions, that is a Mendelian balance and does not produce evolution. Evolution requires a change in the Mendelian balance (a change in the proportional distribution of alleles in a species gene pool).

Ecological pressures – by this I assume you mean pressure within an ecosystem allowing natural selection to take its toll leaving behind those most fit for survival. Though this does assist in the preservation of added information, it does not create the new information.

Natural selection does not kill anything. Toxins, famine, predators, diseases etc. are the agents which kill.

As for information, we have already specified that mutations change information. Nothing else changes information. Evolution is a process that determines which information will make it into the next generation. So focusing on changes in information is too short-sighted. That is only an initial step in a complex process.

Differential reproductive success – I am unfamiliar with this concept, so I am not sure where it plays its role, though I suspect it is another principle that may be part of keeping information. Please explain further.

Actually you are familiar with this concept. It is usually referred to as natural selection. As I noted above, natural selection does not kill. Its impact is not on the survival of organisms, but on their respective success in reproducing. In particular, their respective success in reproducing viable, fertile offspring which can do the same. (If organism A has 30 offspring and organism B only 10, it may look as if A is fitter. But if only 2 of A's offspring provide A with grandchildren while 6 of B's do, then B is fitter.) One organism's greater success in reproduction over several generations does not require killing the organisms in a less productive lineage. As long as one variant continues to produce more offspring than the other, the more productive lineage will eventually dominate the species, even though no particular harm comes to the other lineage. That is evolution.


We are left with mutations – the common “culprit” for the adding of new information. I don’t think mutations could do it.


And reducing information and changing information. Remember that all changes in genetic information can result in evolution. New information is just part of the picture.

Now what is the basis of your skepticism? You have left your opinion out there as a visceral reaction--no explanation other than a gut feeling. May I suggest that gut feelings don't count for much in science?


We see many mutations today, yet none that would support evolution of new species. We see no additional information. Mutations are almost always negative, but can also be neutral. Though many claim beneficial mutations such as sickle-cell anemia or bacterial resistance to antibiotics, these are still harmful to the organism when amongst a population with the correct alleles.

Well you are trying to jump ahead too quickly. You only listed items as far as differential reproductive success (aka natural selection). There is a lot more to look at before we get to a new species. Remember the rest of my statement?

Add in isolation factors and the outcome will not only be change in the species, but speciation i.e. the production of new species. The rest is history. And the history of evolution is described in the twin-nested hierarchy of phylogeny i.e. common descent.​

Everything you have commented on takes us only to the selection of specific variants within a species. Getting to new species requires some additional factors. You cannot go directly from one or a few mutations in a complex species to a new species. (Sometimes just a single mutation in a unicellular organism makes it a new species, but this is also rare.)


To back up my claim I quote Biology, 6 ed., Raven and Johnson, 2004, pg. 426:
“…mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation and thus makes evolution possible.”

That is correct. But that does not mean that mutation is evolution. Only that it is a necessary pre-requisite. You will not understand the process of evolution until you take all the mechanisms into account.


These are not my words, but rather this is what is in public school textbooks. If mutations don’t work to add information then evolution just doesn’t work. Mutation is the beam holding up the evolution bridge, if this beam breaks, the whole bridge falls. Will the beam hold up?

Since species are known to evolve, we know that evolution works. There is no way one can say that evolution does not work. Now one can question whether mutations are a sufficient explanation for the introduction of the variation necessary to make evolution work. But even if this "beam" breaks, that does not mean the whole "bridge" falls, because we already know that evolution happens. If the beam of mutation is not sufficient to hold up the bridge alone, there must be another beam as well, because this bridge is just not falling down.

What we can say at this point is that we are not aware of any other beam. Nor do we have any evidence that mutation is not capable of the role assigned to it in modern evolutionary theory.


gluadys: Given what we know of the processes of reproduction, once life exists, evolution is inevitable.



I am curious, is there anything I can possibly say that would change your mind, or do you believe evolution as fact?

Sure, show me, given what we know of reproduction, and given what we know of the dynamics of changing environments, what would prevent a species from evolving.
 
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MyChristianForumID

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Robert the Pilegrim said:
In response to something Edmond said, even if Adam was the first human, does not imply that he did not have a biological father. God may have altered him (imparted a soul into him?) at some point from conception onward.

I said it. But Edmund may have said it too.

If this were true, what would God do with all the other non-humans that He didn't alter?
 
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shernren

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If this were true, what would God do with all the other non-humans that He didn't alter?

Umm ... He didn't alter them? :p and as a result of being unable to adapt to their environment they went extinct. Which happens all the time, really.

This is where I would like to focus. This is a good paragraph describing what I believe this debate is all about. Are the mutations, random assortment of genes in meiosis, variation, ecological pressures, differential reproductive success, genetic drift and other impacts on gene flow, enough to take life from a bacteria 100,000 base pairs, in its DNA, to humans with 3.2 billion base pairs in their DNA. Now rather than looking at it in such a huge spectrum, let us focus on just one event taking 100,000 base pairs and adding more information(more meaningful sets of nucleotides). Not a lot more information, but information that would increase an organisms survivability rather than being a detriment to its survival.

See, the biggest headache I face when talking about information with creationists is this:

How, pray tell me, how on earth do we measure information?

If I give you a genome A with a certain sequence, and a genome B with another certain sequence, how do you tell me which genome has more information?

Judging from your paragraph above, where you pointed out that a modern bacterial genome has 100,00 base pairs and a human genome has about 3.2 billion, I would say that your measure of information is crude genome length. In other words, because a human genome is longer than a bacterial genome it has more information.

Well, for starters, there are tons of other organisms which have longer genomes than humans'. Does that mean that their genomes have more information and therefore that they are more complex?

And again, evolution is perfectly capable of introducing new information according to your definition. By your definition, whenever a genome is lengthened information has been added, right? Well, mutations can and do lenghen genomes. There are point insertions, duplications, and polyploidy chromosomal mutations. All these lengthen genomes and by your definition add information to the genome. So I don't see why evolution cannot add information to the genome.

A good argument that I have learnt from talkorigins is this: mutations can always undo what mutations cause in the first place. Since mutations can remove information from the genome, thus mutations can also reverse that effect and add information to the genome again.

And by the way, "spontaneous generation" does not adequately describe the abiogenetic processes that modern scientists theorize. Spontaneous generation as held in Pasteur's time meant the appearance and formation of fully-functional, macroscopic organisms from non-life. Of course that is ludicrous. Modern abiogenesis holds rather to very simple, microscopic life being generated from organic compounds. In many cases the intermediate steps may not even be alive themselves (e.g. spontaneous bilayer lipid micelles) and the first life form probably was almost as simple as its surrounding chemicals.
 
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MyChristianForumID

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gluadys said:
As you note, the meaning of scripture depends on the interpretation. Furthermore, no scripture has any bearing on the scientific evidence. The scientific evidence is not going to go away because of how you interpret scripture.

If the global flood were believed as literal it would affect interpretation of evidence. So scripture does have a bearing on scientific evidence.

gluadys said:
First, the existence of fossils of species which became extinct before any evidence of human existence shows that this is factually incorrect. So any literal interpretation of this text ipso facto contradicts the reality of nature, which is God's creation. Hence, any literal interpretation of this text contradicts God's own revelation.

We were not there. Therefore we cannot be sure of this. We cannot validate any of the modern fossil dating techniques without a time machine. The scientist must use his or her initial belief about the age and/or origin of the earth to arrive at a dating method. My point is that Adam was created a fully grown man. Why do TEs not consider the possibility that the rocks and trees were created fully mature as well? The trees would need nutrient filled soil right away not later on. Why don't TEs consider the possibility that the distant light of stars was brought to earth instantly instead of over millions of years? A literal interpretation of the creation account can and does affect how you interpret evidence. How could it not?

gluadys said:
Nothing Jesus says here confirms the historicity of Genesis 2. It is perfectly appropriate for a teacher to refer to the characters of a well-known myth to make a point about marriage.

...

Speaking about a myth does not magically turn it into history.

Wow! I didn't know there were Christians out there with views like this.:confused: One of us is mis-guided. I agree that Jesus was a teacher and there is nothing wrong with saying that. But He is also God. Why would He not know it was a myth? And if He did, why would He use a myth to defend marriage? That wouldn't be very authoritative!!!

gluadys said:
And it is not "discounting" the flood that affects scientific interpretation of evidence. It was the evidence which convinced leading Christian geologists and theologians of the 19th century that the flood was not global. Further evidence has confirmed what was known as early as 1835. Please note the date. Evolution was not yet a scientific issue, so the conclusions about the flood were reached without any pre-suppositions based on a book not published until 1859.

A good many staunchly evangelical Christians who rejected evolution agreed the geological evidence was not compatible with a global flood. For example, Hugh Millar, a leading light of the Free Church movement in Scotland, and editor of its monthly publication, The Witness, was also an amateur geologist who studied and eventually published a book on "the Old Red Sandstone" of Britain. An earlier version of the book was published in serial form in The Witness beginning in 1843--again with no reference to evolution or any pre-suppositions which included evolution. In fact, almost all the leading evangelical theologians of the late 19th century were old-earth creationists who were convinced by the geological evidence of the antiquity of the earth and the regional nature of the flood. That is the creationist tradition as I knew it in my teens. I didn't know that anybody still embraced young-earth creationism until the 1980s

You can learn about the history of religious attitudes to science in the 19th century in a book called Darwin's Forgotten Defenders by David N. Livingstone, my source for some of the above information. You might also note that creationists undercut their credibility when they make historically inaccurate statements. Assuming that the geological information which falsifies a global flood was made by looking through evolution-tinged lenses reverses the historical order in which those conclusions were reached. The global reach of the flood was thoroughly falsified before Darwin returned to England from his historic journey and two decades before the publication of Origin of Species. And those who showed that the geological strata were not laid down by a global flood, were, for the most part, Christians and creationists, not people with evolutionary pre-suppositions.

Thanks for spending the time to share this information. I am forced to wonder what evidence would cause these Christians to doubt the account of the global flood. There is lots of evidence to support it. Like mass graveyards of bones, and marine fossils on many mountain peaks, etc. It seems to me that based on the evidence a large number of animals died at the same time.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/AnswersBook/global10.asp


gluadys said:
Paul would have referred to Adam Kadmon as "one man".

Do you believe Paul thought Adam was a myth? What makes you believe that Paul viewed Adam as a myth? Or do you believe he was ignorant of the facts?

gluadys said:
As noted above, an interpretation of scripture is irrelevant to the validity of evolution. If you believe in Creation, it follows that what God created must be taken seriously. And created nature does not permit the rejection of evolution.

Let me for a moment suppose that some parts of evolution theory are valid for explaining observed evidence. Why should I thus believe that the earth is old or came about because of evolution. It doesn't follow. For instance, it is very possible that "some parts of evolution theory" are valid but that the universe is less than 8000 years old. Just because evolution may or may not be occuring at some level, doesn't mean it did occur. The changes that we are currently observing are more likely adaptation.

gluadys said:
Death and suffering are not a method of evolution either.

Yes they are. If all creatures survived then the most fit creatures would not dominate. If the most fit creatures do not dominate then the most fit will not prevail. If every offspring survives the most dominant might not be the fittest. Also there would be ridiculous problems with over population which would alter the observed results.

Thanks,
MyChristianForumID
 
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MyChristianForumID

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shernren said:
Did God create Adam and Eve at the beginning of creation? If I remember my Bible properly, they were only created on the 6th day. That's not the beginning of creation. Day 6 isn't day 1.

The better way to look at that word "beginning" is as God's act of beginning. In other words "beginning" is not so much a chronological position, as instead an action of God. Right from when God was preparing the world for humanity - no matter how long that took - He made man and woman, husband and wife. Evolution does not deny that monogamous, permanent marriage is the proper created order of social life for humanity.

Actually, in the beginning means at the beginning. The beginning of time, when God created time. But I would agree with you that it was Day 6.

shernren said:
This passage does not anywhere say that the flood was global. It just says that men were enjoying themselves wantonly at the time this happened ... which would have been true whether the flood was global or purely local.

Then you should look at the following passage from Genesis. It is clear that it was global. (Unless this account is mythology with I do not believe). The passage is very clear about which creatures died and that the water was above all the mountains.

Genesis 7 : 18 - 23

The waters rose and increased greatly on the earth, and the ark floated on the surface of the water. They rose greatly on the earth, and all the high mountains under the entire heaven were covered. The waters rose and covered the mountains to a depth of more than twenty feet. Every living thing that moved on the earth perished-birds, livestock, wild animals, all the creatures that swarm over the earth, and all mankind. Everything on dry land that had the breath of life in its nostrils died. Every living thing on the face of the earth was wiped out; men and animals and the creatures that move along the ground and the birds of the air were wiped from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those with him in the ark.

This doesn't sound like a localized flood!!!!.

shernren said:
Let me just clarify your sentence: confirms that human death was caused by the sin of one man Adam; thus human death could not have happened prior to Adam. Yes indeed! Now, if you can show me where animal death could not have happened before the fall ....

But his father wasn't a man! :D

I cannot find any bible reference that states that animals did not die prior to the fall. Although since they were created only one or two days before Adam they wouldn't necessarily have any time to die yet! :D

Lets assume for a moment that Adams father was not a man. If Adams father was not a man, then what was he? Did Adam look like his father or did his father have fur? What would evolution predict?

Thanks,
MyChristianForumID
 
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gluadys

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MyChristianForumID said:
If the global flood were believed as literal it would affect interpretation of evidence. So scripture does have a bearing on scientific evidence.

And the people who proved that the flood was not global did believe it was literal. The evidence overwhelmed the bias of their pre-conceptions. Remember, the global extent of the flood was falsfied almost 200 years ago. Even most scientists then did start their research on the assumption that the bible was describing an actual event.



We were not there. Therefore we cannot be sure of this. We cannot validate any of the modern fossil dating techniques without a time machine.

That may be your opinion, but I think you need to show there is a basis for it.

The scientist must use his or her initial belief about the age and/or origin of the earth to arrive at a dating method.

You mean make an initial estimate of the age based on previously verified information, right?


My point is that Adam was created a fully grown man. Why do TEs not consider the possibility that the rocks and trees were created fully mature as well? The trees would need nutrient filled soil right away not later on. Why don't TEs consider the possibility that the distant light of stars was brought to earth instantly instead of over millions of years? A literal interpretation of the creation account can and does affect how you interpret evidence. How could it not?

These things have been considered and rejected because the evidence contradicts it. The evidence indicates that rocks and light not only have age, they also have history.

Tell me, do you think Adam was created with memories of his non-existant childhood? Do you think he was created with a scar from a childhood accident that never took place?



I agree that Jesus was a teacher and there is nothing wrong with saying that. But He is also God. Why would He not know it was a myth? And if He did, why would He use a myth to defend marriage? That wouldn't be very authoritative!!!

Even in his human frame of reference he was probably aware of the mythological aspect of the story. As God he would certainly know it was a myth.

Why on earth would he not use a myth he himself inspired to teach about marriage to defend marriage? What would make it any less authoritative? If God inspires a myth rather than a report, why is the myth less authoritative than the report?

Sounds to me that you have some prejudices about literary genre here. Why do you think God shares those prejudices? Or that Jesus did?



Thanks for spending the time to share this information. I am forced to wonder what evidence would cause these Christians to doubt the account of the global flood. There is lots of evidence to support it. Like mass graveyards of bones, and marine fossils on many mountain peaks, etc. It seems to me that based on the evidence a large number of animals died at the same time.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/AnswersBook/global10.asp

None of the things you mention actually support a global flood. Mass graveyards support regional floods occurring in different places at different times. They did not all happen in the same year as the flood theory requires, but are sometimes separated from each other by millions of years.

Nor could the marine fossils in (not on) mountains have accumulated in a single year. It took many years for them to accumulate on ocean bottoms that were then slowly uplifted into mountains as tectonic plates moving toward each other squeezed them up above sea level. India is still moving into Asia and the Himalayas are still rising because of this movement. The rate at which they are rising has been measured and continues to be measured.


Do you believe Paul thought Adam was a myth? What makes you believe that Paul viewed Adam as a myth? Or do you believe he was ignorant of the facts?

I think that as an educated Jew, Paul would certainly be aware of Jewish mystical traditions about Adam. So he would not simply see Adam as a specific person who lived at a specific time. He might have believed that as well, but he would have an eye to Adam as a mystical figure as well as a literal figure. And he probably did not distinguish one from the other.


Ignorant of which facts? The geological facts that falsify the global extent of the flood. Of course he was ignorant of them. They only began to be gathered in the 17th century, and the implications were not appreciated until the late 18th/early 19th century. There is no possibility that Paul would know facts not discovered until more than 1500 years after his death.



Let me for a moment suppose that some parts of evolution theory are valid for explaining observed evidence. Why should I thus believe that the earth is old or came about because of evolution.

You shouldn't. Evolution is about biology and the history of genetic change. It is not about geology. You should believe the earth is old because of the geological evidence. This evidence does not derive from evolution.

The age of the earth is quite a separate issue from evolution. Both in the 19th century and today, there are many who accept the old age of the earth, but who reject evolution. So each has its own set of evidence and you check out the evidence for each on its own terms.



The changes that we are currently observing are more likely adaptation.

Adaptation is the outcome of evolution. You never have adaptation without evolution.



Yes they are. If all creatures survived then the most fit creatures would not dominate. If the most fit creatures do not dominate then the most fit will not prevail. If every offspring survives the most dominant might not be the fittest. Also there would be ridiculous problems with over population which would alter the observed results.

All creatures don't survive. In fact, eventually death claims every living being on earth. But death is not what makes for evolution. Death comes to the fit as to the unfit. There is no guarantee that the fittest will be among the survivors. Death is not the instrument that brings about evolution.

Evolution is brought about by reproduction and selection, not by death.
 
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shernren

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Actually, in the beginning means at the beginning. The beginning of time, when God created time. But I would agree with you that it was Day 6.

In the beginning is not at the beginning. I am typing this at 2:10 in the afternoon. In any case, Day 6 is not at the beginning. "The beginning" in this passage refers to the means, processes and timeframe in which God prepared the earth for human habitation. The verse simply states that faithful monogamy is God's intended social order and TE says nothing against that.

Then you should look at the following passage from Genesis. It is clear that it was global. (Unless this account is mythology with I do not believe). The passage is very clear about which creatures died and that the water was above all the mountains.

This site has more respect for the "literal-ness" of Scripture than me and it still arrives at a local flood, so I shall let them speak for me: http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/localflood.html

Lets assume for a moment that Adams father was not a man. If Adams father was not a man, then what was he? Did Adam look like his father or did his father have fur? What would evolution predict?

I honestly don't know.

What I believe is that evolution can account for the physical characteristics and structure of man, but that at some point God must have supernaturally intervened to make man a creature of both spirit and flesh. If / when this happened there would probably be nothing to indicate this in the fossil evidence. After all, for Adam it seemed that "religion" was purely talking and walking with God as everyday life. Idols and icons would only have come about after the Fall.
 
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gluadys

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RenHoek said:
Does any of this really matter or affect how we live today? There is no way to prove one way or the other.

It is not relevant to how we live. That is why it is foolish to insist that everyone must interpret Genesis literally.

There is a lot of evidence for evolution. So there is reason not to ignore it. But it is still not determinative for salvation or Christian living.

Not every Christian has to be a scientist or accept the conclusions of science. But every Christian should avoid accepting falsehoods about evolution (such as that it leads to atheism or immorality, or that there is no evidence for it). And every Christian should avoid casting doubt on the faith of Christians who do accept the scientific facts of evolution.
 
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Mathematician

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RenHoek said:
Does any of this really matter or affect how we live today? There is no way to prove one way or the other.

I say we just wait for Christ to come back and explain the whole thing once and for all.

Until then, lets go get some more sheep for the Shepherd.:groupray:

Because you are too late. Christ already came back and he wasn't in much of an explaining mood when he did.
 
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Mathematician

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RenHoek said:
:scratch:
I missed the rapture?

There was no rapture. That doctrine was invented by Darby around 1830.

From 500 to 1500, the only clear teaching of the church on eschatology was to recite the Nicene Creed followed by thanking God for our past resurrection and Jesus' past second coming. This practice still continues to this day 40 weeks a year at a liturgical church near you.
 
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gluadys

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Mathematician said:
There was no rapture. That doctrine was invented by Darby around 1830.

From 500 to 1500, the only clear teaching of the church on eschatology was to recite the Nicene Creed followed by thanking God for our past resurrection and Jesus' past second coming. This practice still continues to this day 40 weeks a year at a liturgical church near you.

That is a perspective I have not heard before. I agree with you about the rapture. I have had long contacts with two Protestant denominations which never mention it.

But I also frequently attend liturgical churches, yet have not been aware of any teaching that the second coming is past.

I'd be interested in a more information on this.
 
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Mathematician

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gluadys said:
That is a perspective I have not heard before. I agree with you about the rapture. I have had long contacts with two Protestant denominations which never mention it.

But I also frequently attend liturgical churches, yet have not been aware of any teaching that the second coming is past.

I'd be interested in a more information on this.

My understanding is St. John Chrysostom's Divine Liturgy is the order of worship at all Coptic, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholic Churches. I've never been to a service in any of these churches so I'm taking it on faith that I've been told accurately what they do.

Find the Nicene Creed inside the liturgy. After it comes communion. During communion, the two things I mentioned will be found.
 
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gluadys

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Mathematician said:
My understanding is St. John Chrysostom's Divine Liturgy is the order of worship at all Coptic, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholic Churches. I've never been to a service in any of these churches so I'm taking it on faith that I've been told accurately what they do.

Find the Nicene Creed inside the liturgy. After it comes communion. During communion, the two things I mentioned will be found.

Well, since I have attended both Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic services and am familiar with their liturgies, I will suggest you do the same before taking this on faith.

In the RC service, there is a proclamation of faith said by all. The words are:

Christ has died,
Christ has risen,
Christ will come again.

Note the future tense of the last line.

Other parts of the mass and the divine liturgy, such as the Gloria and the Creed, also speak of His coming in the future as well.

This I know from personal experience, since I have attended both Catholic mass and Orthodox liturgy on more than one occasion, and I have two missals, as well as a Book of Common Prayer in my library.
 
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ManofWar

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I am glad to be back. Thank you for your reply. I never like to rush ahead without laying the proper ground work. I believe we have slowly narrowed this debate down so we should be able to get somewhere. I know you will disagree with this statement, but I will back it up very heavily. You stated before:



“Now what is the basis of your skepticism? You have left your opinion out there as a visceral reaction--no explanation other than a gut feeling. May I suggest that gut feelings don't count for much in science?”



I absolutely agree. This entire post is dedicated to show that what I only hinted at as a gut feeling before, is really much more. This post is intended to show why mutations can not produce evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book).



Here comes the statement. Mutations are absolutely necessary for evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book) to occur. If mutations fail then the evolutionary bridge will fall.



“…mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation and thus makes evolution possible.”



“Scientists realize that mutations—changes in genes—are what produce new genetic characteristics. They further realize that without mutations, there can be no evolution.”



“Although mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, it is a relatively rare event.”



“Beneficial mutation—if they are germinal—are the basis of evolution.”

These are all quotes from biology textbooks. I would like to use one last quote from a familiar evolutionist, gluadys.



“That is correct. ‘new information’ is added only by mutations.”



All of this being said, it ought to be clear that without mutations we have no evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book). It would be good to now try to define “new information” or “additional information” since I have referred to it many times without trying to give a clear definition. In short I would say it means – new genetic characteristics. This however is very weak as many short definitions are.



Gluadys said: Another point to be made, is that the generation of new alleles by mutation does not necessarily require new information.



Gluadys also said: Remember that all changes in genetic information can result in evolution. New information is just part of the picture.



I realize that all changes in genetics can result in microevolution; However for evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book), to take place, does require new information.



Gluadys mentioned: Sometimes just a single mutation in a unicellular organism makes it a new species, but this is also rare.



I have never heard of such an example…can you give one? I don’t mean to try to discount it without ever seeing it, but based on what little I know about mutations, I don’t think you can give me an example of a single (one) mutation making a new species. I do have an open mind and will stand corrected if you can give such an example.



Now after concluding the intro let’s get right into the body of this post. Are mutations sufficient to enable evolution? I would like to present three scientific reasons why I have reason to believe in the insufficiency of mutations.



1. Rare mutations



Mutations, beneficial, neutral, or harmful, that get passed on to future generations are rare. When considering the amount of mutations necessary for evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book) to take place, 3.2 billion years is not enough. Why are they so rare? There are three reasons why mutations that get passed on to offspring are rare.



1. The copying process for the replication of DNA is extremely accurate. It is estimated that “A cell’s DNA is copied with less than one mistake in a billion nucleotides. This is equal to a person copying 100 large (1000 page) dictionaries word for word, and symbol for symbol, with only one error for the whole process.” The cell is self repairing with 50 enzymes designed to locate mutations, cut hem out and replace them with the correct nucleotide.

2. For a sexually reproducing organism to pass on a mutation, that mutation must be in a gamete. Therefore evolution is limited to mutations that are in the sex cells (for those organisms reproducing sexually).

3. If a sex cell with a mutation is produced is then it must be the one used in propagating offspring.



It is also important to note that many animals, i.e. tuatara, elephants, and many of the larger mammals, produce offspring rather slowly, and will only produce a few offspring in a lifetime, therefore hindering evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book).



“In general, new mutations are more likely to be harmful to survival than adaptive.” p 14944



“The altered information [mutation] shows up in the offspring, usually as a defect.“ p 14944



“Mutations that give rise to substantial changes in the physical characteristics of the organism, however, are unlikely to be advantageous.” p 14944



“Most mutations that cause a visible change are harmful.” p 14944



“Rarer advantageous mutations are swamped by more frequent deleterious mutations The best that natural selection can do, subject to a specified environment, is to hold the deleterious mutations in check,”-Fred Hoyle. p 15044



“Most mutants, even if they have positive survival values will be wiped out by random effects.

…A single mutation, even if it is a positive one, has only a small chance of survival. As a result, a single mutation is unlikely to play much of a role in evolution.”-Sir Ronald Fisher p 15144





2. New Information



You probably just rolled your eyes, but this cannot go unnoticed. As mentioned above, mutations passed onto offspring are rare in comparison to the amount of DNA, but I dealt with all mutations. Now try to find a mutation that is beneficial to an organism’s survival and it limits us further. These mutations do exist however. There are mutations that give organisms an upper hand in survival to pass on genes, but they are rare. However the real question at hand is not a loss of information that promotes survival, but a gain of information. In cases where a mutation benefits an organism, it is only because of loss of some genetic characteristic. We never see an organism get a mutation that gives it a new genetic characteristic that it did not have before.



“But so far as known, or at least so far as I know, there are no such examples [of mutations adding information].” – Dr. Lee Spetner p 15344



“We see that no new information got into the genome. Indeed, it turns out that each of those mutations actually lost information. They made the gene less specific. Therefore, none of them can play the role of the small steps that are supposed to lead to macroevolution.” - after a 20-year series of experiments by evolutionary researchers they concluded this. p 15444



“But mutations are found to be of a random nature, so far as their utility is concerned. Accordingly, the great majority of mutations, certainly well over 99%, are harmful in some way, as is to be expected of the effects of accidental occurrences.” p 3127



3. Irreducible Complexity



I am excited to deal with this topic, because I have never heard a decent answer against it, but I know there must be one out there that hopefully you will come up with. I’m sure any evolutionists on this forum are familiar with the term “irreducible complexity.” Coined by Michael J. Behe this term refers to a structure that if one component of this structure were to be removed, it would fail to function completely. Now you probably know where I am going with this…I’m going to the bacterial flagellum. Such an amazing structure could not have originated by accumulation of genetic mutations or by means of natural selection. All of the components of this cell “motor” had to be there for it to run. It could not have formed little by little, or natural selection would have eliminated it. I am curious to know how you will answer, though I do not doubt that you will (if anyone is unfamiliar with this concept of irreducible complexity, I can explain further).



Continued on next post.






 
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ManofWar

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I begin to conclude with this. What is the overall probability of getting a new species to arise via accumulation of mutations? To figure this we need to know:



1. What the chance is of getting a mutation.

2. What fraction of those mutations have a selective advantage.

3. How many replications there are in each step of the chain of selection.

4. How many of those steps there have to be to achieve a new species.



Overall the chance would be 2.7/102739.

-or-



_______________________________2.7_______________________________



1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000.


In other words, none at all.

Gluadys said: “show me, given what we know of reproduction, and given what we know of the dynamics of changing environments, what would prevent a species from evolving.”



There you have it. To see these numbers yourself, check out the well documented book Dismantling Evolution, written by Ralph O. Muncaster, a man who was once as sure about evolution as you are.



“The central question of the Chicago conference was whether the mechanisms underlying microevolution can be extrapolated to explain the phenomena of macro-evolution.

…At the risk of doing violence to the positions of some of the people at the meeting, the answer can be given as a clear, No.” p 106-10743



“That theory [orthodox neo-Darwinian extrapolationalism], as a general proposition, is effectively dead, despite its persistence as textbook orthodoxy.”-Stephen Gould



Another book that gives some great information on mutations is Creation Facts of Life, written by Gary Parker, another man who once believed evolution as much as you.



Gluadys: Since species are known to evolve, we know that evolution works. There is no way one can say that evolution does not work. Now one can question whether mutations are a sufficient explanation for the introduction of the variation necessary to make evolution work. But even if this "beam" breaks, that does not mean the whole "bridge" falls, because we already know that evolution happens. If the beam of mutation is not sufficient to hold up the bridge alone, there must be another beam as well, because this bridge is just not falling down.



You closed with these statements, so I shall close addressing them. You have made two very astonishing absolute statements:



“We know that evolution works.” I don’t know how you can say this, unless you simply mean microevolution. Microevolution does work, but you or anybody else is no where near knowing that evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book) works.



“…this bridge is just not falling down.” You sound like you have already predetermined that the bridge is just not falling no matter the weight of facts against it. It appears that it is falling, that is evolution (“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book) is crumbling.



Sorry if I bothered anyone with the overuse of “the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life, from the text book.” I just wanted to be very clear, besides, I did not write it, evolutionists did.



I look forward to your reply. I know I have not changed you mind, and I probably never will. You sound quite convinced with evolutionthe gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book). I am very disappointed with this, that a Christian, especially one with your intellect, would believe in evolution(“the gradual development of organisms from other organisms since the beginnings of life,” from the text book). I have yet to see the Bible fail though it is being attacked very heavily by our adversary the devil. I am worried when I see Christians support what appears to be an obvious attack on the Bible. Christians like yourself would be a valuable asset to Biblical Creationism. I do not expect you to support Biblical Creationism without scientific support; that is why I am attempting to show that evidence is against evolution and for creationism. Many brilliant scientists have rejected the idea of evolution because of looking at the evidence. My prayer is the same for you.



Hold the Fort.



27Evolution Shot Full of Holes. Bendewald, Jim; Madison, Wisconsin; pub Evidence Press, Copyright © 2004



43Creation: Facts of Life, Gary Parker; pub. Master Books, Green Forest, AR; Copyright © 1994



44Dismantling Evolution: Building the Case for Intelligent Design, Ralph O. Muncaster; pub. Harvest House Publishers, Eugene, OR; Copyright © 2003
 
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LewisWildermuth

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ManofWar said:
I begin to conclude with this. What is the overall probability of getting a new species to arise via accumulation of mutations? To figure this we need to know:





1. What the chance is of getting a mutation.



2. What fraction of those mutations have a selective advantage.



3. How many replications there are in each step of the chain of selection.



4. How many of those steps there have to be to achieve a new species.



What numbers to these questions did you use in your calculations? Where did you get them? How do you test whether they are reliable answers or not?



1. There is a 1 in 1 chance that you have a mutation that neither of your parents have. So that is 100%



2. I’ll have to look this one up.



3. One replication, the one that created the mutation. If it is selected for, which means the carrier has more surviving children than the non-carriers, then incorporation of that mutation into the larger genetic pool is inevitable.



3. That depends on the creature you are talking about, the types of mutations incurred and the isolation in which those changes take place.
 
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