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Circular Reasoning in Evolutionary Biology
by Henry Morris, Ph.D.
Evidence for Creation
"Creationists have long insisted that the main evidence for evolution — the fossil record — involves a serious case of circular reasoning. That is, the fossil evidence that life has evolved from simple to complex forms over the geological ages depends on the geological ages of the specific rocks in which these fossils are found. The rocks, however, are assigned geologic ages based on the fossil assemblages which they contain.
The fossils, in turn, are arranged on the basis of their assumed evolutionary relationships. Thus the main evidence for evolution is based on the assumption of evolution.
A significant development of recent years has been the fact that many evolutionary geologists are now also recognizing this problem. They no longer ignore it or pass it off with a sarcastic denial, but admit that it is a real problem which deserves a serious answer. ..."
No, this is incorrect. Geologists in the late 18th and early 19th centuries observed a succession of rock formations, which were always in the same order. They also observed that each rock formation had its characteristic fossils, and that these fossils could be used to identify rock formations. The relative ages of the rocks and the fossils were determined from which rocks and fossils were at the bottom of the succession (and so were deposited first) and which were at the top, not from which fossils were more complex.
There was no necessity for evolutionary relationships between fossils, or even for the fossils to be the remains of living things; if the rocks had contained layers of glass or ceramic beads of different sizes, shapes and colours, they could have been used to identify the rock formations and to establish the order of the succession.
In fact, 18th and early 19th century geologists saw the fossil record in terms of replacement rather than evolution. To use an analogy, the Pope or the American President is not the son or daughter of his or her predecessor (i.e. replacement), whereas the king or queen of England is usually the son or daughter of their predecessor (i.e evolution). To use another analogy, the Native American languages of pre-Columbian America were replaced by European languages; the Latin language of ancient Rome evolved into modern Italian. Stratigraphy would still be valid if the old catastrophist theory had been correct, if all the living things of, for example, the Permian period had been wiped out without leaving any descendants, and God had created a new set of animals and plants at the beginning of the Triassic period to replace them.
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