I had a friend who used to compete in Martial Arts tournaments in Asia 40-50 years ago. No protection except for a cup. He also trained in Shotokan Karate in Okinawa - very tedious, technical training. Not like over here, where you can gain the next belt level months after earning your present one.
Okinawan karate in particular is well known for hand conditioning training. And calloused knuckles. Some in MMA and boxing are incorporating this traditional martial arts training into their program. Doing things like wrist push ups (Which we did in Genbukan Ninpo [ninjitsu]). Don't take my word for it, go on Sherdog and look up some threads. Or Ross Boxing website. That dude is a beast and not only can do wrist push ups but can lift himself up with the back of his wrists and onto his knuckles. I tried doing that but I can't in the least. Although, I can do a few wrist push ups (palms facing you and your weight is in the back of your wrists, with fingers of both hands pointing at each other.)
Not all martial arts emphasized hand/wrist conditioning like Okinawan Karate though.
Why boxers never did this is beyond me. But reliance on handwraps became the norm.
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