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By all means please enlighten me. After all I did express ignorance on the subject and will be more than happy to learn if you would care to explain it to me?It seems to me you want to apply "steady state" to things that are not state variables.
Walking my dog, actuallyBy all means please enlighten me. After all I did express ignorance on the subject and will be more than happy to learn if you would care to explain it to me?
Where is the physicist when you most need him; Out on a tea break again?
Royalty is like English cooking: almost always unappetizing, hard on the digestion, and leaving a bad smell.
I see, but, When you say through time it sounds very vague. What about entropy? If what you say is correct then how did the big bang arise? Unless of course by time you mean a specific time?I don't believe so.
Thermodynamically, a steady state is one which is largely consistent over time: its pressure, volume, temperature, chemical potential, etc, are constant. But this doesn't mean that it can be dynamic.
Well, time is a variable, and if pressure, volume, temperature, etc, don't change as that variable increases, then the system is in a steady state.I see, but, When you say through time it sounds very vague.
Entropy, as a rule, tends to a maximum. There's nothing to stop it being constant, however, especially if it's already reached its maximum.What about entropy?
Well, not all systems must be in a steady state. I could easily create a system, then inject some more air into it, thus changing the chemical potential and upsetting the steady state.If what you say is correct then how did the big bang arise? Unless of course by time you mean a specific time?
Bah, they steal all my fun!I could look it up but that would spoil the fun of asking a physicist anything rather than going over to physicsforum.com
Because particles interact with other particles in the same way - an electron will interact with an antiquark in the same way as any other electron. So, regular behaviour is whether two particles are interacting in the same way. Electricity works because electrons are all interacting with the wire in the same way.Why do things "behave" rather than e.g. float upwards?
I know theres gravity etc, but heck, why bother with regularised patterns of behaviour?
Perhaps because they abide by the laws of the constants? And what of the constants?Because particles interact with other particles in the same way - an electron will interact with an antiquark in the same way as any other electron. So, regular behaviour is whether two particles are interacting in the same way. Electricity works because electrons are all interacting with the wire in the same way.
But why do they interact in that particular way, and why always in the same way? No idea
Here in an excerpt from a very interesting site:Another serious question for you...
Some archaea live in temperatures well in excess of 100°C.
Yet DNA melts (the G-C and A-T hydrogen bonds break) at well below this.
So: How can archaea live in such conditions?
Presumably, either their DNA is held together by more than H-bonds (perhaps the enzymes roaming their DNA include a sticky 'held together stronger' one). Moreover, in eukaryotes at least, DNA is usually split into a tangle of single strands anyway - it's only during mitosis that they come together in the well-known X's.Another serious question for you...
Some archaea live in temperatures well in excess of 100°C.
Yet DNA melts (the G-C and A-T hydrogen bonds break) at well below this.
So: How can archaea live in such conditions?
Presumably, either their DNA is held together by more than H-bonds (perhaps the enzymes roaming their DNA include a sticky 'held together stronger' one). Moreover, in eukaryotes at least, DNA is usually split into a tangle of single strands anyway - it's only during mitosis that they come together in the well-known X's.
Plus, what mzungo said.
I meant single chromosomes, as opposed to the classic X-shape.actually it isn't split apart into single strands. It's still in the double helix. Or is that what you meant? It's only melted during some mutations (for example dimer formation between A and T), repair, replication and transcription. True though, they don't merge into the x-s until mitosis.
It could evolve like that, though - higher and higher temperatures mean these 'repair' enzymes are working more and more, until they're always working to keep DNA in check.I still don't see how DNA consisting of even pure Cs and Gs could withstand such high temperatures. 120 C? That's really high. I suppose if you had some nucleosomes attached to the DNA at all times which were capable of holding the strands together even at such heats it might work. Still leaves a lot of questions I think. Hm.
It's not part of my curriculum, but it's fascinating I think.
FTW.And by appointment too!
I'm so glad I was home at the time of the wedding. I don't even want to imagine St Andrews on the dayI was actually out celebrating the royal wedding at a barbecue while we all wore our poshest suits and dresses. Fun times!
I have a vague recollection that they keep their DNA in a very compact format, so the strands can't physically separate... but maybe that was DeinococcusAnother serious question for you...
Some archaea live in temperatures well in excess of 100°C.
Yet DNA melts (the G-C and A-T hydrogen bonds break) at well below this.
So: How can archaea live in such conditions?
I'd like to remind the world that archaea are still not bacteria.Here in an excerpt from a very interesting site:
[FONT=verdana, geneva, arial, helvetica]The membranes of hyperthermophiles, virtually all of which are Archaea, are not composed of fatty acids but of repeating subunits of the C5 compound, phytane, a branched, saturated, "isoprenoid" substance, which contributes heavily to the ability of these bacteria to live in superheated environments.
[/FONT]
That'd have to be my guess. And they do have packaging proteins, histones of a sort. So I guess that's it, really.I have a vague recollection that they keep their DNA in a very compact format, so the strands can't physically separate... but maybe that was DeinococcusBasically, my only guess is "packaged with the right proteins".
That's because life always finds a way!Of course I find bacteria fascinating too. Just consider extremely toxic environments like poisoned pools left behind after a mine has run dry. Especially older mines where really toxic chemicals were used. Bacteria - and even higher organisms - adapt and find a way to make things we thought were terminal to any and all life a source of food instead.
Just when you think you've nailed down something that can kill them or they can't live off of evolution comes along and says "nope. I can do that. Hang on a couple of generations while I do my thing!"
Fascinating stuff
So it doesn't always find a way, unless extinction is a "way".Microbes have been found living kilometres underground! Yes sir! Life indeed does find a way! The only way to actually totally rid this world of all life is to burn the whole planet like it will happen when our sun becomes a red giant.
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