Fruits of the Past
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Sixty million years ago the lower primates first developed, the mammals from which we all sprang. So much of what makes us skilled as mammals was developed at this time. The change from clawed paw to a hand that grips was invaluable for picking objects up and for using sticks and stones as tools. Our vision became stereoscopic as the eyes moved from the side of the face to the front. These overlapping visual fields produced the ability to see in depth - vital to identify predators from a distance. [/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]A species, in order to survive and rise in dominance, must be flexible, must adapt to changing conditions and take advantage of the unexpected. All living creatures that depend upon a particular environment for their survival are doomed to extinction if that environment is destroyed. The key to success is not only flexibility but also inconsistency, the art of confusing your predators. Lemurs, one of our earliest primate ancestors, stayed in the trees for most of their time and their diet was limited to leaves, nuts, fruits, berries and edible stems. Their habitat has remained more or less similar for 60 million years.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Twenty million years after the lemurs came the Anthropoids, the higher primates that include monkeys, apes and humans - another group of vegetarians. Between five and 25 million years ago this group was diversifying and colonising Africa, Eurasia and the tropical Americas using the land bridges that existed at that time. They would have moved great distances, from cool to warm, from cold to hot and it is thought that the cooler northern climes helped to develop the anthropoids and led them to eat more bark, the cambium beneath the bark (which is high in protein and carbohydrates) and the leaves of evergreens. They were all vegetarians but the diet was widening with many more food choices - and a richer diversity of nutrition means greater intelligence.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Around 18 million years ago came the hominoids. apes which lack tails and have larger brains and bodies than the monkeys. They evolved in Africa and included one called Proconsul. sometimes referred to as the 'Daddy of us all'. It is thought that we share this ancestor with the gorilla and it, of course, is another famous vegetarian. DNA studies show that we have a close relationship with the gorilla and the chimpanzee and that we split from one common ancestor around five to six million years ago.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Because we have the fossilised jaws to study, we know that these primates were herbivores and ate fruits, nuts, berries and the cambium which grows in the spring beneath the bark as the tree begins to swell. Some of us still eat it today and we call it slippery elm, a food for invalids.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]A quick dash to the ground might have resulted in seeds, stems, bulbs and roots, even lichen from damp stones and algae from ponds. This green scum is vital as a component in the building of the nervous system.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Some of our critics have gleefully leapt upon the fact that our primate ancestors were not complete herbivores but ate insects and even hunted and killed baby mammals or tiny monkeys, claims made through observation of primates in the wild today.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Yes, they did eat insects and they might even have chosen the fruits which had insects in them because of their sweet taste but not in sufficient quantity to provoke a change in their dentition. Their canine teeth are small and their molars have a large grinding surface with a thick enamel covering, making their jaws a powerful crushing, grinding and chewing machine designed to cope with vegetation. Their liking for insects did not lead to them trying out other small creatures such as frogs and lizards.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]As to the hunting of the small colobus monkey or baby bush pigs, which was seen in a David Attenborough film, this research started with Jane Goodall. Her group of chimpanzees was observed over a period of years so the amount of meat eaten and the number of animals killed could be exactly recorded. Over a span of 10 years, the 50 or so chimpanzees killed and ate 95 mammals. They were all tiny - the young of bushpigs, bushbuck and baboons and most weighed 10lbs or less. It works outl at 2.4 grams per individual per day, about the size of a pea. Their tiny victims were stumbled over by accident and there was no concerted plan to hunt and kill.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Of all the living primates humans are the only one to eat large animals, the rest being almost entirely herbivorous. We sprang out of this genetic breeding pool of largely peaceful groups of amiable creatures that lived by eating grasses, leaves, nuts, berries, fruits and roots. There can be no doubt that our metabolism, built up through these millions of years, is best sustained by a vegan and then a vegetarian diet, in that order.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]Three-and-a-half million years ago, Australopithecus Afarensis, nicknamed Lucy, appeared. She was tiny, strode over the African veldt and through the forest, lived near water and was also a herbivore. There were many different types of Australopithecines and one was called Robustos. He has been labelled a war-like killer and the source of our aggression. It is nonsense! He was in fact also a vegetarian but he used the bones of large mammals as tools to dig up roots and bulbs. It was the discovery of these bones alongside his own that made anthropologists think they had found the first hunter. They were at least a million years out.[/font]
[font=Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif]So when did meat eating begin? We can roughly date hunting because of the tools needed to kill but before that there were some very basic tools used to cut, scrape and dig. These were found with the remains of Homo Habilis, who lived between one-and-a-half and two million years ago. Anthropologists think it is likely that Homo Habilis first scavenged his/her meat from the kill of big cats but like so much of what is said on the evolution of humans, this is just speculation.
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